The Journal of Fish Nutrition (JFN) has an objective to publish and provide high-quality scientific contributions to the field of fish nutrition. These contributions are sourced from innovative research that encourages science and technology development in the field of fish nutrition on a national and international scale. This journal serves as a communication medium for researchers, academics, students, and communities.
THE EFFECT OF INCORPORATING CASSAVA LEAF MEAL WITH FISH MEAL, GROUNDNUT CAKE AND SOYBEAN MEAL BASED DIETS AT THE EXPENSES OF SOYBEAN MEAL ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND FEED UTILIZATION OF CATFISH (Clarias gariepinus)
The potential of cassava leaf meal (CLM) as a partial replacement for soybean meal in the diet of African catfish Clarias gariepinus juveniles was carried out in this study. Six isonitrogenous diets containing 35% crude protein were formulated with graded CLM inclusion levels of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%. 630 juveniles were randomly distributed into concrete tanks and fed the experimental diets at 3% body weight for 8weeks in a completely randomized design. Each treatment was replicated thrice for the experiment. Proximate composition and cyanide content of the diets were determined, also, growth performance and nutrient utilization parameters were evaluated. No significant differences (p>0.05) were observed among treatments for growth, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, or protein efficiency ratio. However, fish fed the 10% CLM diet consistently showed higher weight gain, specific growth rate, and protein efficiency ratio compared to other treatments. At higher inclusion levels (≥20%), growth performance and feed efficiency tended to decline, likely due to increased dietary fiber and cyanogenic compounds. These findings indicate that cassava leaf meal can replace soybean meal up to 25% without adverse effects on juvenile catfish performance, with an inclusion level of about 10% appearing most favorable. Cassava leaf meal therefore represents a viable, locally available plant protein source for sustainable aquaculture feed formulation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Fish Nutrition
THE USE OF BIOFLOC MEAL AS A FEED INGREDIENT FOR TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus)
This study aimed to determine the optimal percentage of biofloc meal that can be used as a feed ingredient for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The research employed an experimental method using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of five treatments with three replications. The treatments included P0 (commercial feed without biofloc, as control), and feeds containing biofloc meal at levels of 20% (P20), 25% (P25), 30% (P30), and 35% (P35). The observed parameters were absolute weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR). The collected data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test at a 95% significance level. The results showed that the inclusion of biofloc meal up to 35% in the diet produced specific growth rates and absolute weight gains that were not significantly different (p > 0.05) from those obtained with commercial feed. The absolute weight gain ranged from 1.9 to 2.6 g, while the specific growth rate ranged from 1.6 to 2.1% per day. These findings indicate that biofloc meal can be utilized as a feed ingredient in tilapia diets at inclusion levels of up to 35% without negatively affecting growth performance.
EFFECT OF NITROGEN CONCENTRATION ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF Chaetoceros amami AS LIVE FEED FOR PEARL OYSTER LARVAE
Pearl oyster (Pinctada maxima) is a high economic value fisheries commodity whose aquaculture success highly depends on the availability of quality live feed during the larval phase. Chaetoceros amami is a microalgae that plays an important role in supporting the oyster growth. Nitrogen is an important factor affecting microalgae growth as it plays a fundamental role in the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll. This study aimed to analyze the effect of nitrogen concentration on growth and productivity of Chaetoceros amami as live feed for Pinctada maxima larvae. The research was conducted at the Pearl Oyster Hatchery Laboratory of PT. Mutiara Surya Indonesia using a Completely Randomized Design with five nitrogen concentration treatments (0; 2.5; 5; 7.5; 10 ppm) and three replications. Parameters observed included peak density, relative growth rate, and doubling time. The results showed that nitrogen concentration had a highly significant effect (p<0.05) on the growth of Chaetoceros amami. The nitrogen concentration of 7.5 ppm resulted in the highest mean peak density and relative growth rate of 1,985×10³ cells/mL and 133%, respectively, as well as the shortest doubling time of 39 hours, which were significantly different from other treatments. Increasing nitrogen concentration up to 10 ppm actually decreased growth performance by 31.8% due to excessive nitrogen toxicity effects. This study concluded that nitrogen concentration of 7.5 ppm is the optimal concentration for cultivating Chaetoceros amami as natural feed for pearl oyster Pinctada maxima larvae, with a 43% increase in biomass productivity compared to control.
THE EFFECT OF COMBINED FEEDING OF FRESH MAGGOT, DRIED MAGGOT (Hermetia illucens) AND COMMERCIAL FEED ON THE GROWTH OF CATFISH (Clarias gariepinus)
Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) is a freshwater fishery commodity that has bright prospects for development. Steps to address the problem of relatively high feed prices can be reduced by seeking alternative feeds. Maggot (Hermetia illucens) can be utilized as an alternative feed ingredient that meets the requirements as a protein source without relying on commercial feed. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of feeding combinations of fresh whole maggot, dried maggot, and commercial feed on catfish growth. This study used an experimental method. The design pattern used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) tested using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with a 95% confidence level, using six treatments and three replications: P0 (100% commercial feed), P1 (50% commercial feed + 50% fresh maggot), P2 (50% commercial feed + 50% dried maggot), P3 (50% fresh maggot + 50% dried maggot), P4 (25% CF + 25% FM + 50% DM), P5 (25% CF + 50% FM + 25% DM). The commercial feed, fresh maggot, and dry maggot were mixed directly according to the treatment and then given to the fish. The results showed that the combination feed significantly affected absolute length growth, absolute weight growth, specific growth rate (SGR), and survival rate (SR), but did not have a significant effect on feed utilization efficiency and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Treatment (P2) with 50% commercial feed and 50% dried maggot provided the best growth results with an average absolute length of 4.69 cm and absolute weight of 5.29 g, specific daily growth of 1.69%/day, and fish survival rate of 81%.
EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS METHOD OF KETAPANG LEAF EXTRACTION (Terminalia catappa) TO PREVENT Aeromonas hydrophila BACTERIAL INFECTION IN NILE NILE FISH (Oreochromis niloticus) CULTIVATION
Bacterial diseases caused by (Aeromonas hydrophila) are one of the main obstacles in the cultivation of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), especially in intensive cultivation systems, the problem can be overcome with natural immunostimulants from the leaves of tilapia (Terminalia catappa). This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of various methods of extraction of tacumber leaves in feed on the immune response, growth, and survival of tilapia tested with A. hydrophila. The study used a complete randomized design (RAL) with five treatments and three replicates, namely positive control (feed without extract, P1), negative control (feed without extract, P2), feed with extract in the form of flour (P3), feed with extracted form of decoction (P4), feed with extract in the form of porridge (P5). The amount of extracts added is 5%. On the 46th day, infection A .hydorphila was carried out in all treatments except in P2. Parameters observed included survival rate (SR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate. Water quality was measured once every 10 days from days 1 to 45 while total bacterial media, hematology parameters, phagocytosis activity were observed on day 60. The results showed that the addition of ketapang leaf porridge extract (P5) had a real effect (p<0.05) on the value of SR 91.11%, FCR of 1.06, and specific weight growth rate of 3.71%/day. Total bacterial media (30.5×10³ CFU/mL), as well as increased immune response as indicated by Erythrocyte values of 2.10×10⁶ cells/mL, leukocyte values of 28.1× 104 cells/ml, leukocyte differential values (25% neutrophil cells, 7.33% monocytes, and 67.67% lymphocytes), hemoglobin of 6.8 g/dl, hematocrit of 30.48% and phagocytosis activity of67.6%, but no real effect (p>0.05) to specific long-term growth rate parameters. Thus, the method of burying ketapang leaves is effectively used as a natural immunostimulant in tilapia feed to increase resistance to A. hydrophila infection
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Fish Nutrition
THE EFFECT OF A COMBINATION OF DUCK EGG YOLK, SILK WORMS (Tubifex SP.), AND PELLETS ON THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL RATE OF GIANT GOURAMI FRY (osphronemus gouramy)
This study aims to analyze the effects of combining duck egg yolk, silk worms, and pellets on the growth and survival rates of gourami fry. The method used is an experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) involving 6 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments tested are: P0: control (silk worms), P1: 100% pellets, P2: combination of 25% silk worms + 75% pellets, P3: combination of 25% silk worms + 75% duck egg yolk, P4: combination of 50% silk worms + 50% pellets, P5: combination of 50% silk worms + 50% duck egg yolk. The parameters tested include feed consumption rate, absolute weight, absolute length, specific weight gain, specific length growth, feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency, and survival rate. The data were then analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the 95% significance level. The results showed that the effect of providing the combination of feed in the form of silk worms, duck egg yolk, and pellets had no significant effect (p>0.05) on absolute weight, which ranged from 0.70-0.83 g, absolute length ranged from 2.43-2.63 cm, specific weight growth rate ranged from 1.74 -2.08 %/day, specific length growth rate ranged from 6.08-6.50 %/day, and survival rate ranged from 66.7-83.3%. However, there were significant differences (p<0.05) in the feed consumption rate, with the highest rate in P1 at 7.91 g/fish and the lowest in P3 at 5.21 g/fish. Feed efficiency was highest in P3 at 66.40%, while the lowest was in P1 (100% pellet) at 37.79%. The highest feed conversion ratio was observed in P1 at 2.70, and the lowest in P3 at 1.55. The combination of silk worms, duck egg yolk, and pellets resulted in similar growth for weight, length, specific weight, and specific length. However, for feed conversion ratio and feed efficiency, the highest results were obtained with a combination of 25% silk worms and 75% duck egg yolk.
UTILIZATION OF MAGGOT FLOUR (Hermetia illucens) FERMENTED USING ASPERGILLUS NIGER IN FEED FOR THE GROWTH OF GOURAMI FISH (Osphronemus goramy) JUVENILE
This study evaluated the utilization of maggot flour fermented with Aspergillus niger in gourami fish seed feed. The research was conducted using a one-factor Complete Random Design (RAL) with five treatments and three replications. The treatment used was feed without fermented maggot flour (P0), feed containing 25% fermented maggot flour (P1), feed containing 50% fermented maggot flour (P2), feed containing 75% fermented maggot flour (P3), and 100% feed containing fermented maggot flour (P4). Fish with an average initial weight of 2.93 ± 4.00 g were stocked into 15 net cages (1 × 1 × 1 m³) at a density of 25 fish per cage. The fish were fed test feeds at 10% of their body weight, 3 times daily (08:00, 13:00, and 17:00), for 56 days. Feed digestibility was assessed in an aquarium (60 × 40 × 40 cm³) at a dense stocking density of 10 fish per m³. The test feed contained 0,5 % Cr2O3. The results indicated that the inclusion of 75% fermented maggot meal yielded the best outcomes, with feed digestibility of 74.36%, protein digestibility of 88.76%, feed efficiency of 46.10%, protein retention of 33.38%, specific growth rate of 3.29% per day, and a survival rate of 100%.
THE EFFECT OF FEED VARIATION ON THE REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY OF GUPPY FISH (Poecilia reticulata)
The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of varying types of feed on the reproductive performance of guppy fish. The method used is an experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments (P0: Pellet, P1: Bloodworms, P2: Mosquito larvae, P3: Water fleas) and 3 replications. The parameters tested include gonadal maturation, larval count, larval sex ratio, number of breeding adults, gestation period, survival rate, and water quality. The data obtained were tested for normality, and non-normal data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Normal data were analyzed using ANOVA at a 5% significance level, followed by Duncan's test at a 5% significance level. The results showed that varying feed types had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on the gonadal maturation parameter (ranging from TKG 3 to 4), larval sex ratio (ranging from 29.6% to 60.4%), and the number of breeding adults (ranging from 66% to 100%), as well as the gestation period (ranging from 12 to 17 days). However, the different feed types had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the number of larvae (ranging from 8 to 22) and survival rate (ranging from 43.6% to 90.6%). It can be concluded that bloodworms and mosquito larvae provide the best results for the number of larvae and survival rate parameters.
Copyright (c) 2021 Journal of Fish Nutrition
ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SUITABILITY FOR SPINY LOBSTER (Panulirus homarus) AND RABBITFISH (Siganus sp.) POLYCULTURE BASED ON PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN FLOATING NET CAGES
This study aims to analyze the composition and abundance of phytoplankton as a bioindicator of environmental suitability in a polyculture farming system of spiny lobster (Panulirus homarus) and rabbitfish (Siganus sp.) in floating net cages (FNC). Phytoplankton plays an important role in maintaining aquatic ecosystem stability and reflects water quality conditions through changes in community structure. Sampling was conducted at three points around the FNC using a purposive sampling method. The observed parameters included abundance, diversity, dominance, and evenness indices, which were analyzed descriptively to assess the condition of the waters. The results show that phytoplankton abundance falls within the eutrophic category, with moderate diversity (H’), high evenness (E), and low dominance (D). One external factor contributing to eutrophication in aquatic environments is aquaculture activities using FNC systems. Phytoplankton from the class Bacillariophyceae were found in the highest numbers, particularly the species Rhizosolenia sp. and Synedra sp. Several studies indicate that both species are naturally found in the stomach contents of lobsters and serve as natural feed for P. homarus and rabbitfish. Values of physical and chemical water quality parameters indicate that the FNC Ujung Betok waters remain suitable for aquaculture activities. Based on bioindikator analysis and the physical–chemical conditions of the waters, the Ujung Betok FNC is suitable for the polyculture farming of spiny lobster and rabbitfish.
GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus) USING A COMBINATION OF PELLETS AND LEMNA (Lemna perpusilla)
This study aims to examine the growth and survival rate of tilapia fish fed a combination of pellets and Lemna perpusilla. The test animals used in this study were tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) raised in concrete ponds using a complete randomized design (CRD) with treatments consisting of 100% L. perpusilla + 0% pellets, 25% L. perpusilla + 75% pellets, 50% L. perpusilla + 50% pellets, and 0% L. perpusilla + 100% pellets. The results showed that the highest absolute weight gain in fish fed mixed feed was observed in the 0% L. perpusilla + 100% pellet treatment, while the highest survival rate in this study was observed in the 0% L. perpusilla + 100% pellet treatment, which was 95%. The results of the analysis of variance for absolute weight growth between treatments showed a significant effect (P<0.05), while the survival rate showed no effect (p>0.05). In conclusion, feeding a combination of pellets and L. perpusilla had a significant effect on specific growth rate. The highest specific growth rate was observed with 25% L. perpusilla combined with 75% pellets, while the survival rate of tilapia fed a combination of pellets and L. perpusilla during the rearing period was not significantly affected. The highest survival rate was shown by feeding 50% L. perpusilla combined with 75% pellets and 25% L. perpusilla combined with 50% pellets.
ANALYSIS OF LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP OF TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus) FRY AS GROWTH BIOINDICATOR DURING THE EARLY CULTIVATION STAGE
This study aims to analyze the length-weight relationship of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) seeds, specifically black tilapia and red tilapia, as growth bioindicators during the early rearing stage. The length-weight relationship was analyzed using an allometric model, along with a comparison of absolute and specific growth rates between the two varieties. The research was conducted at the UPTD Fish Seed Center in Bontang City, East Kalimantan, with the seeds being reared for 30 days in tarpaulin ponds. The results showed that black tilapia had a stronger length-weight relationship compared to red tilapia, with a negative allometric growth pattern observed in both varieties. Black tilapia exhibited higher absolute growth rates, while red tilapia had a higher specific growth rate. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) indicated better feed efficiency in red tilapia. This study is expected to serve as a reference for the management of tilapia farming, particularly in the seed stage, by considering the differences in strain and feed utilization efficiency.
THE EFFECT OF FEEDING COMMERCIAL FEED WITH DIFFERENT PROTEIN LEVELS FROM DIFFERENT PRODUCERS ON SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF HOVEN’S CARP (Leptobarbus hoevenii)
Hoven’s carp is a local freshwater fish commodity that has high economic value, but its availability in nature is decreasing. Protein is a key element needed for growth and health in all types of fish. This study aims to determine the effect of giving commercial feed with different protein levels and determine the right protein level for the survival and growth of Hoven’s fish (Leptobarbus hoevenii) fingerlings. The method used in this research was an experimental method giving commercial feed with different protein levels, namely P18-20, P29, P35, and P40. The experimental design used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of four treatments and three replications. Parameters observed included survival, total length growth, absolute weight growth, Specific Growth Rate, feed utilization efficiency, and feed conversion ratio. The results showed that giving commercial feed with different protein levels did not have a significantly different effect on survival (P>0.05). However, it gave a significantly different effect on total length growth, absolute weight growth, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and feed utilization efficiency (P<0.05). Total length growth of P35 2.47 cm, absolute weight growth of P35 6.69 g, specific growth rate of P35 1.57%, feed utilization efficiency of P35 68.99%, and feed conversion ratio of P35 1.46 showed the best values. The best treatment was found in feed P35 using the FF–999 brand produced by PT. Central Proteina Prima with a protein content of 35%, seen from the highest total length growth, absolute weight growth, specific growth rate, and feed utilization efficiency, as well as the lowest feed conversion ratio.
EFFECTIVENESS OF Chaetoceros sp. CULTURE AS LIVE FEED FOR PEARL OYSTER: COMPARISON OF LABORATORY AND FIELD METHODS
Chaetoceros sp. is an important microalga in aquaculture that requires culture system optimization to enhance productivity and production efficiency. This study aimed to analyze the growth dynamics of Chaetoceros sp. in laboratory and outdoor culture systems and evaluate growth parameters and water quality factors affecting culture productivity. The study employed a completely randomized design with two treatments: laboratory culture (environmental control) and outdoor culture (natural conditions). Parameters observed included population density, relative growth, specific growth rate, doubling time, and water quality parameters (temperature, pH, salinity, light intensity) over 4 days of cultivation. Laboratory culture demonstrated superior performance with maximum population density of 3.60 × 10⁶ cells/ml, relative growth of 105.7 ± 12.27, specific growth rate of 19.7 ± 1.8%, and doubling time of 3.88 ± 0.34 days. Outdoor culture yielded maximum density of 3.28 × 10⁶ cells/ml, relative growth of 87.1 ± 12.44, specific growth rate of 16.9 ± 2.0%, and doubling time of 4.49 ± 0.51 days. Both methods achieved optimal exponential phase on day 3. Water quality parameters showed better stability in laboratory culture with lower variability. Strict environmental control in laboratory culture can reduce growth variability and improve predictability of Chaetoceros sp. culture results. Although laboratory culture is more technically efficient, outdoor culture remains viable for community applications considering cost efficiency and environmental sustainability.
CULTIVATION OF TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus) FRY IN RECIRCULATING AQUACULTURE SYSTEM AND AERATION SYSTEM MEDIA
Tilapia, as a high-value consumption fish, is one of the main reasons why fish farmers choose it as a key aquaculture commodity whose cultivation technology continues to be developed. Flow-through water system is one of the commonly used methods in tilapia farming in Indonesia. However, this method has several drawbacks, such as the continuous use of large volumes of water. Additionally, the environmental impact is a concern, as uneaten feed and feces discharged through the pond's outlet can pose a threat to the surrounding environment. To address these issues, technological advancements in tilapia farming continue to be developed, including the implementation of Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) and aeration systems. The use of these two technologies aims to improve water quality, reduce excessive water usage, and minimize environmental impacts associated with tilapia aquaculture activities. This study compares the two systems—RAS and aeration—using tilapia fingerlings measuring 5–6 cm over a 20-day cultivation period. Water quality and growth data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that ammonia levels in the RAS system reached 0.08 mg/L, which falls within the optimal range for tilapia cultivation. In contrast, the aeration system showed ammonia levels of 1.6 mg/L, which exceeds the optimal threshold. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that tilapia fingerling cultivation using the RAS system is more effective at stabilizing and reducing ammonia levels in the culture medium compared to the aeration system.
ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF KETAPANG LEAF EXTRACT (Terminalia catappa) ON THE GROWTH AND PROFILE OF BACTERIA IN THE MAINTENANCE OF INDIAN BOTIA FISH LARVAE (Botia lohachata)
This study aimed to evaluate the potential of ketapang leaf extract (Terminalia catappa) as an agent to enhance the survival and growth of Botia india (Botia lohachata) larvae, as well as its effect on the bacterial profile in the rearing medium. The experiment was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five different treatment doses of ketapang leaf extract, namely 0 g/L (control), 0.3 g/L, 0.6 g/L, 0.9 g/L, and 1.2 g/L, each replicated three times. The observed parameters included survival rate, growth (absolute weight and absolute length), and the total bacterial count in the rearing medium. The results showed that the administration of ketapang leaf extract had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the survival, absolute weight, and absolute length of Botia india larvae. The treatment with a dose of 0.3 g/L resulted in the highest survival rate, reaching 95%, with an average larval absolute weight of 0.132 g and an absolute length of 1.35 cm. Quantitative analysis of the bacterial count showed that the administration of ketapang leaf extract, especially at a dose of 0.3 g/L, effectively suppressed bacterial growth in the rearing medium compared to the control group. Conversely, higher doses of ketapang leaf extract (0.9 g/L and 1.2 g/L) showed a tendency towards decreased effectiveness. The conclusion of this study is that ketapang leaf extract can be utilized as a natural alternative to improve the survival, growth, and health of Botia india larvae, with an optimal dose of 0.3 g/L. The utilization of ketapang leaf extract in ornamental fish farming can reduce dependence on synthetic chemicals that have potentially harmful environmental effects.
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENCES IN FEEDING OF TRASH FISH AND BROWN SHELLS (Mytilopsis adamsi) ON THE GROWTH OF MUDGROVEL CRAB (Scylla paramamosain)
Mangrove crab is one of the leading export commodities in the fisheries sector which has a fairly high selling price at the farmer level. This commodity has great potential to be cultivated in the Asia-Pacific region. However, mangrove crab production in Indonesia is currently still dominated by wild catches because its cultivation activities have not developed optimally. to determine the effect of feeding trash fish and brown mussels on the growth and survival of Mangrove Crabs (S. paramamosain). This study was conducted for 90 days from December 2024 to March 2025. The research location was in the ponds of Candi Manik Village, Sekotong District, West Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara. The research method used 2 treatments, namely trash fish and brown mussels, each of which was repeated 20 times so that 40 experimental units were obtained according to the number of crabs, the treatments tested were trash fish (R) and brown mussels (K). The research data were analyzed using statistical analysis at a real level of 5%. the analysis used to test the results of the experiment was the t-test. The data tested t is the Specific Growth Rate (SGR) value, absolute weight growth, relative weight growth, and crab molting frequency using the mhen withny test while the survival rate (SR) data is analyzed descriptively. The results of the study showed that the absolute, relative, specific weight growth of crabs, molting frequency and survival given feed using brown mussels were higher than those given feed using trash fish. Feeding brown mussels resulted in better absolute, relative, specific growth, molting frequency and survival compared to feeding trash fish on the growth of mangrove crabs. Water quality measurements were within the normal range for the life of mangrove crabs. Keywords: Trash Fish, Mangrove Crabs, Brown Mussels, Molting, Growth
Biomass Production and Agar Yield of Gracilaria sp. Under Varying TAN Concentrations
Gracilaria sp. is a type of agar-producing seaweed that is widely used in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Additionally, Gracilaria sp. plays a crucial role in absorbing nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon, thereby helping to maintain the balance of aquatic ecosystems. This research aimed to analyze the biomass and agar yield content of the seaweed Gracilaria sp. by fertilizing with different TAN concentrations. This research was carried out from August to November at the Aquaculture Environmental Laboratory, Mataram University. The method used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five Total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN) concentration treatments: P0 (control), P1 (0.01 mg/L), P2 (0.025 mg/L), P3 (0.050 mg/L), and P4 (0.975 mg/L), each with three replications. Parameters observed included absolute weight, specific growth rate (LPS), thallus length, survival, agar yield, and water quality. The results showed that the addition of different TAN concentrations did not have a significant effect on seaweed growth based on the ANOVA test at the 0.05 level. The results of the 2nd-order polynomial regression analysis showed that there was a strong relationship with agar yield, a moderate relationship with growth, and a weak relationship with thallus length with TAN concentration. This research concluded that the TAN concentration used was not able to provide nutrients for growth, but only to maintain life.
OPTIMIZING THE BREEDING AND REARING TECHNIQUES OF TRANSGENIC GLOFISH TETRA (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi) IN TROPICAL FRESHWATER AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS
The transgenic GloFish Tetra (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi), engineered to express fluorescent proteins, is increasingly popular in the global ornamental aquaculture industry. However, optimized protocols for its breeding and larval rearing under tropical freshwater conditions remain underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of substrate type and larval stocking density on reproductive performance, larval survival, growth, feed utilization, and fluorescent color intensity in GloFish Tetra. A 3×3 factorial experiment was conducted at a tropical hatchery in Indonesia using three substrate types—no substrate (S0), artificial fiber mat (S1), and natural aquatic vegetation (Hydrilla verticillata, S2)—combined with three stocking densities: 15, 10, and 5 larvae per liter. Key parameters, including fecundity, fertilization rate, hatchability, survival rate (SR), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and color intensity (∆E), were measured and statistically analyzed using a two-way ANOVA. Results demonstrated that the S2-D5 treatment (natural vegetation with low density) significantly improved fecundity (330.2 ± 10.8 eggs), hatchability (82.3 ± 2.7%), SGR (4.30 ± 0.11%/day), and color intensity (∆E = 17.6 ± 1.0), while achieving the lowest FCR (1.31 ± 0.07). In contrast, high-density and substrate-free conditions (S0-D15) yielded the poorest performance across all metrics. These findings underscore the crucial role of environmental enrichment and density management in enhancing both biological and aesthetic traits in GloFish Tetra. This study presents a validated protocol for enhancing hatchery success and improving the ornamental quality of transgenic fish in tropical aquaculture systems.
Catfish Cultivation System (Clarias sp.) in Tarpaulin Ponds with Nano Bubble Technology
Catfish (Clarias sp.) farming is one of the fastest-growing aquaculture sectors in Indonesia. However, a major challenge in this industry is water quality deterioration, particularly low dissolved oxygen levels, which can cause stress, disease, and reduced fish productivity. Nano bubble technology offers an innovative solution to increase dissolved oxygen levels more efficiently than conventional aeration methods. This study employs a literature review method by analyzing various journals and scientific sources related to the application of nano bubble technology in catfish farming. The findings indicate that nano bubble technology can increase dissolved oxygen levels by up to 30% compared to conventional aeration, reduce toxic compounds such as ammonia and nitrite, and improve feed efficiency and fish growth. Additionally, nano bubbles enhance fish survival rates by up to 40% and reduce water pollution. Given these benefits, this technology has the potential to be an effective solution for improving the productivity and sustainability of catfish farming in Indonesia.
ANALYSIS OF THE DECREASE IN THE QUALITY OF SKIPJACK TUNA STORED AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
The objective of this research was to determine the decline in freshness of skipjack tuna stored at room temperature. Fish freshness testing was carried out using organoleptic tests such as eyes, gills, odor and texture of the fish, as well as counting the number of bacteria taken from the gills of skipjack tuna. Skipjack tuna was taken from 3 different markets in Mataram City. Observations on the fish were carried out twice, the first in the morning after the fish was taken from the market at 09.00 WITA and the second observation at 15.00 WITA. The results of the study showed that in the morning the skipjack tuna was in a condition of declining quality freshness, then during the day the quality of the skipjack tuna decreased further with a condition that was almost rotten. The results of observations of total bacteria also showed that in the morning the total bacteria had passed the predetermined threshold and during the day the number of bacteria increased until it could not be counted.
THE ROLE OF BINDERS IN FEED FORMULATION FOR MANGROVE CRAB (SCYLLA SPP.) AQUACULTURE: A REVIEW OF SYNTHETIC, NATURAL, AND ECO-BASED INNOVATIONS
The mangrove crab (Scylla spp.) is a high-value aquaculture commodity, where feed quality—particularly the binder component—significantly influences farming success. This article reviews the role of various binders in mangrove crab feed formulations, including synthetic binders such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), natural binders (seaweed meal, agar, gelatin), and recent innovations such as fermented food waste and combinations with probiotics or black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) oil. Binders not only maintain feed stability in water but also affect growth, survival rate, feed efficiency (FCR), and immune response in crabs. Synthetic binders like CMC exhibit high stability (>24 hours) but are costly and less environmentally sustainable, whereas natural binders such as Gracilaria and agar offer a balance between stability, eco-friendliness, and additional nutritional benefits. The integration of binders with probiotics or BSFL oil has been shown to enhance immunity and growth performance. Binder selection should align with the farming phase—for instance, agar and gelatin are recommended for larval stages, while cornmeal and soy protein concentrate (SPC) are suitable for grow-out phases. This article also provides practical recommendations based on farming objectives, such as using natural binders to reduce water pollution or combining CMC with probiotics for intensive farming systems. This review is expected to serve as a guideline for farmers in selecting optimal binders to support efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable mangrove crab aquaculture.
Evaluation of Maggot (Hermetia illucens) Substitution with Pellet Feed on the Growth of Maru Fish (Channa marulioides) Fry as an Initial Domestication Effort
The maru fish, Channa marulioides, is one of the native fish species of Indonesia that inhabits the Kapuas River in West Kalimantan. In addition to being consumed by local people, maru fish also has an export market as an ornamental fish. The market demand for maru fish is still met from wild catches. Excessive exploitation and a lack of environmental carrying capacity will increasingly threaten the existence of the maru fish in the wild. The continuous population decline can lead to the extinction of fish species. Therefore, before extinction, domestication needs to be carried out through cultivation activities. Currently, the alternative feed commonly used in the maintenance of maru fish seeds is dry maggots. However, maggots have not been optimally used as the main feed. This study aims to evaluate the substitution of dry maggots with commercial pellets in maru fish seeds as an initial domestication effort. Maru fish seed maintenance was carried out for 90 days. The seeds come from natural catches in the Kapuas River, West Kalimantan. The study was conducted experimentally using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The treatment in this study was a combination of dry maggots and pellets. Treatment M100 (100 % dry maggot), Treatment M75P25 (75 % dry maggot + 25 % pellets), Treatment M50P50 (50 % dry maggot + 50 % pellets) and Treatment M25P75 (25 % dry maggot + 75 % pellets). Each treatment was repeated three times. The results showed that seeds maintained with 50 % dry maggot + 50 % pellet feed had the lowest final growth, final growth rate, feed efficiency and FCR compared to other treatments.
IDENTIFICATION OF VNN USING PCR METHOD IN HYBRID GROUPER (E. FUSCOGUTTATUS × E. LANCEOLATUS): A CASE STUDY AT BPBAP SITUBONDO
Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN), caused by betanodavirus, poses a serious threat to the aquaculture of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × E. lanceolatus), with mortality rates reaching 100% in larval and juvenile stages. This study aimed to develop a VNN detection protocol based on Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and nested PCR at the Brackishwater Aquaculture Development Center (BPBAP) in Situbondo, East Java, from February to April 2024. The methodology included necropsy for sampling brain and eye tissues, RNA extraction using a silica-based method, two-step amplification (RT-PCR and nested PCR), and visualization of results through 1.2% agarose gel electrophoresis. The findings revealed that 2 out of 10 hybrid grouper samples (20%) tested positive for VNN, with the detection of a specific 294 bp DNA band. The developed protocol demonstrated high sensitivity (CT values of 18–22 cycles) and optimal specificity, with no false-positive results. Temporal analysis suggested a periodic infection pattern with an 8-week interval. These results confirm the endemicity of VNN at BPBAP Situbondo and underscore the importance of early detection to prevent mass outbreaks. This study recommends implementing the protocol as part of a molecular-based disease surveillance system, along with further development using quantitative PCR (qPCR) for quantitative analysis. The findings are expected to support sustainable VNN control programs in hybrid grouper aquaculture.
Literature Review: Processing of Feed Ingredients Derived from Crustaceans into Chitin and Chitosan
Chitin and chitosan are polysaccharides from the exoskeleton of crustaceans such as shrimp and crabs, chitin has several benefits if added to fish feed including functioning as a source of fiber that can improve digestion in fish, increase metabolism, and support the immune system of fish. However, with its high fiber content, chitin needs to be simplified into chitosan so that it is easier to process by the fish's digestive system, with the extraction method using chemical compounds, we can get pure chitosan that can be applied to fish feed. The purpose of this review is to determine the best dose of adding chitin or chitosan to fish feed, the method used is a descriptive method through a literature review study of various research journals. The effective dose obtained in this review is the addition of chitin around 0.04% - 8%, while for chitosan it ranges from 4% - 10%.
PEMBERIAN PAKAN PADA PENDEDERAN IKAN GUPPY (Poecilia reticulata) DI INSTALASI BBI LINGSAR, LOMBOK BARAT
Kegiatan pendederan merupakan salah satu rangkaian kegiatan dalam budidaya yang melibatkan kontrol aktif pada kualitas air dan nutrisi yang diberikan pada anakan ikan dalam fase larva dan benih menuju tingkatan semi dewasa, pendederan berlaku bagi ikan konsumsi maupun ikan hias. Tujuan dari kegiatan pendederan guppy adalah untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan ikan dari DOC 1-30 dari tanggal 24 juni – 24 juli 2024 bertempat di BBI Lingsar, kegiatan ini menggunakan metode pengamatan deskriptif yang dimana hasil yang didapat akan dikaji dan diperkuat dengan tinjauan pustaka yang bersumber dari studi literatur dan penelitian terdahulu. Kegiatan yang dilakukan meliputi persiapan wadah, pendederan benih, pemberian pakan, monitoring kualitas air dan pengamatan kelangsungan hidup adalah 91,1%, panjang mutlak 1,4 cm dan berat mutlak 0,14 g dengan kualitas air menunjukan nilai 25 °C untuk suhu, pH 7,3 dan Do dengan nilai 7,6 mg/l yang dimana hasil ini menunjukan nilai yang optimal.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Fish Nutrition
Pengaruh Pemberian Pakan terhadap Pertumbuhan Budidaya Ikan Komet (Carassius auratus) Di Lingsar, Lombok Barat
Indonesia yang beriklim tropis memiliki potensi ikan hias mencapai 300 juta ekor pertahun dan terdiri atas 240 jenis ikan hias laut dan 226 jenis ikan hias air tawar. Ikan hias merupakan komoditas perikanan yang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan di Indonesia dan memiliki peluang pasar yang besar, baik di dalam maupun luar negeri. Salah satu ikan hias air tawar yang telah berhasil dibudidayakan adalah ikan komet (Carassius auratus). Ikan komet merupakan salah satu komoditas ekspor ikan hias air tawar yang memiliki warna menarik dan eksotis, digemari sepanjang masa, warna indah pada ikan, disebabkan oleh kromatofor (sel pigmen) yang terletak pada lapisan epidermis yang digunakan untuk menyesuaikan diri dengan lingkungan dan aktivitas seksual, sedangkan jumlah dan letak pergerakan kromatofor mempengaruhi tinglat kecerahan warna pada sisik ikan. Biaya yang digunakan untuk penyediaan pakan dalam kegiatan pembesaran ikan menempati urutan terbesar. Penelitian ini di laksanakan selama 30 hari, di Instalasi Balai Benih Ikan (BBI) Lingsar Lombok Barat Provinsi NTB. Hasil pertumbuhan Panjang yang didapatkan pada minggu ke 4 yaitu 8,4 cm, hasil pertumbuhan berat pada minggu ke 4 yaitu 18,8 g, nilai FCR yaitu 1,4, nilai SGR yaitu 3,3% dan nilai SR yaitu 100%. Nilai suhu 27-30 oC, nilai DO 7,9 mg/l, nilai pH 7. Adapun Kesimpulan pemilihan jenis pakan, waktu dan frekuensi pemberian pakan serta dosis dan metode pemberian pakan. Pakan yang digunakan adalah pakan ukuran 3 mm. Pemberian pakan dilakukan 2 kali sehari dengan metode biomassa (BBM).
Peningkatan Kualitas Limbah Bulu Ayam Sebagai Bahan Pakan Ikan dengan Metode Fermentasi Menggunakan Bakteri
Limbah hasil peternakan salah satunya bulu ayam yang dapat digunakan sebagai pakan alternatif untuk meminimalisir biaya pengeluaran untuk pakan ikan. Pakan merupakan salah satu faktor penting untuk menunjang pertumbuhan ikan sehingga butuh produksi yang sangat banyak. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui efisiensi pemanfaatan bulu ayam sebagai pakan alternatif. Bulu ayam berpotensi dimanfaatkan sebagai pakan ternak karena memiliki kandungan protein yang tinggi, yaitu 80 - 90% dari bahan kering, melebihi kandungan protein kasar bungkil kedelai (42,5%) dan tepung ikan (66,5%). Potensi limbah bulu ayam di Indonesia kurang lebih sebanyak 167 ribu ton per tahun. Bulu ayam memiliki kandungan protein yang tinggi, tetapi protein bulu ayam merupakan jenis protein yang sulit dicerna oleh ikan karena tergolong protein keratin. Metode yang digunakan dalam mengolah limbah bulu ayam hingga menjadi pakan yaitu proses fermentasi yang melibatkan bakteri Bacillus yang dapat mendegradasi keratin. Fermentasi bulu ayam menggunakan bakteri dapat meningkatkan kadar protein kasar sebanyak 2-15%. Tepung bulu ayam fermentasi pada pakan dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan ikan sebesar 2-5% lebih cepat.
EFFECT OF ADDING PINEAPPLE PEEL PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN EKSTRAK KULIT NANAS TERHADAP EFISIENSI PEMANFAATAN PAKAN DAN LAJU PERTUMBUHAN BENIH IKAN KAKAP PUTIH (Lates calcarifer)
Baramundi (Lates calcarifer) is a leading commodity in Indonesia, but it faces challenges in terms of feed efficiency. Feed is a key factor in determining production costs. Feed efficiency in fish will increase if the feed provided can be well-digested by the fish, allowing the energy obtained from the feed to be optimization. One effort to achieve this is by using pineapple peel waste as a source of the enzyme bromelain. The objective was to analyze the effect of adding pineapple peel extract on growth, feed utilization efficiency, digestion time, and the optimal dosage given to white snapper (Lates calcarifer). This research used an experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The aspects studied were the effectiveness of adding pineapple peel extract at different dosages to the feed with four treatments and four repetitions, resulting in 16 experimental units. P1 was without the addition of pineapple peel extract (control), P2 with the addition of 25 ml of pineapple peel extract per kg of feed, P3 with the addition of 50 ml of pineapple peel extract per kg of feed, and P4 with the addition of 75 ml of pineapple peel extract per kg of feed. Based on the results of the research concluded that adding pineapple peel extract at different dosages to the feed had a significantly different effect on absolute weight growth, absolute length growth, feed conversion, feed utilization efficiency, and stomach emptying time in white snapper. However, the addition of pineapple peel extract at different dosages to the feed did not have a significantly different effect on the survival rate of common carp. The best values in each test parameter were found in the treatment with adding 50 ml of pineapple peel extract per kg of feed
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Fish Nutrition
Addition of Fermented Seaweed (Euchema cottoni) flour Fermented With and Wihthout Molase in Tilapia Diets
The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of adding fermented seaweed powder using molasses and without molasses in the feed. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Fish Production and Reproduction, University of Mataram for 50 days from September to October 2022. This research used an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 3 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments tested were control (P1), E. cottoni seaweed flour fermented without molasses (P2), E. cottoni seaweed flour fermented using molasses (P3). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the 5% level with a 95% confidence interval and continued with Duncan's test. The results of the 50-day rearing period showed that the average absolute weight of tilapia ranged from 4.79-5.49 g, absolute length ranged from 4.36-5.43 cm, and specific growth rate ranged from 1.60-1. .78% per day. Meanwhile, feed utilization efficiency (EPP) values ​​ranged from 63-68%, feed conversion ratio (FCR) ranged from 1.58-1.74 and survival (SR) ranged from 96-98%. While the average temperature is 27-30oC, the average pH value is 7.4-8.5, and the average DO value is between 4.5-8 m/mL. The conclusion of this study was that the addition of fermented E. cottoni seaweed flour had a significant effect on absolute weight, absolute length, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, feed utilization efficiency, and the fermentation process using molasses could be an alternative for growing tilapia.
GROWTH AND SURVIVAL RATE OF PEARL OYSTER SPAT (Pinctada maxima) WITH A COMBINATION OF PHYTOPLANKTON Chaetoceros amami AND Nitzschia sp.
This study aims to evaluate the effect of the combination of Chaetoceros amami and Nitzschia sp. phytoplankton as natural food for the growth and survival of pearl oysters (Pinctada maxima). The experimental method was used with five different treatments consisting of treatment A = C. amami 100%; B = C. amami 75% + Nitzschia sp. 25%; C = C. amami 50 % + Nitzschia sp. 50%; D = Nitzschia sp 75% + C. amami 25%; E = Nitzschia sp 100%. Each treatment was repeated 3 times and the experimental units were randomly assigned using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). This research aims to assess the optimal natural feed for pearl oyster spat. The results of this study showed that feeding in combination had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the growth value of pearl mussels (P. maxima), the highest value of absolute growth of pearl mussels (P. maxima) which was maintained for 21 days was obtained, namely in treatment B (C. Amami 75% + Nitzschia sp 25%) with a mean ± SD size of 7.5 ± 0.2 mm and the highest survival rate results in treatment B (C. amami 75% + Nitzschia sp 25%) namely 89%. The results of this research are expected to provide valuable insights into the suitable natural feed to support the growth and survival of pearl oyster spat.