The Journal of Fish Health (JFH) has an objective to publish and provide high-quality scientific contributions to the field of fish health. These contributions are sourced from innovative research that encourages science and technology development in the field of fish health on a national and international scale. This journal serves as a communication medium for researchers, academics, students, and communities. This journal is published four times a year in February, May, August, and November since 2024.
Study Program of Aquaculture, Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mataram
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Evaluation of Soybean Meal Substitution with Padina australis on Growth Performance and Feed Utilization Efficiency of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
The increasing cost and sustainability concerns associated with conventional plant-protein ingredients have intensified the search for locally available functional feed materials for Nile tilapia. This study evaluated the effects of partially replacing soybean meal with the brown macroalga Padina australis meal on growth performance, feed utilization, and survival of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). A 42-day feeding trial was conducted using a completely randomized design with four dietary treatments and three replicates. The treatments were TP-0 (30 g soybean meal; 100% soybean meal), TP-7.5 (7.5 g P. australis meal + 22.5 g soybean meal), TP-15 (15 g P. australis meal + 15 g soybean meal), and TP-22.5 (22.5 g P. australis meal + 7.5 g soybean meal). Fish with an initial body weight of 10.53 ± 0.34 g were stocked at six fish per aquarium and fed at 5% biomass day⁻¹. The measured variables included survival rate, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and feed efficiency. Dietary treatment did not significantly affect any measured parameter (P > 0.05). Nevertheless, TP-7.5 produced the most favorable biological response, as indicated by the highest weight gain (6.21 ± 1.09 g), the highest specific growth rate (2.28 ± 0.21% day⁻¹), the lowest feed conversion ratio (3.75 ± 0.37), and the highest feed efficiency (26.81 ± 2.48%). These findings indicate that P. australis meal can be considered a low-inclusion functional ingredient in Nile tilapia diets, although higher inclusion levels require further nutritional optimization through balanced protein and energy formulation.
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Journal of Fish Health
Growth Response and Final Biomass of Amphipods Phronima sp. to Gradual Salinity Reduction in Controlled Culture System
Phronima sp. is a marine amphipod with potential as a natural feed in fisheries cultivation activities. One of the challenges in its development is its ability to adapt to salinity changes during the research process. This study aims to analyze the effect of salinity decrease frequency on the growth of Phronima sp. The research used an experimental design with four treatments: salinity reduction of 5 ppt every 3 days (P1), every 2 days (P2), daily (P3), and control without salinity reduction (P4). Phronima sp. was reared for 21 days in 20 L containers with a density of 10 individuals/L. Observed parameters included absolute weight growth, absolute length growth, Specific Growth Rate (SGR), population growth rate, and water quality parameters. Data were analyzed using ANOVA or Welch ANOVA at a 95% confidence level. The results showed that salinity reduction frequency had no significant effect (P>0.05) on all growth parameters of both broodstock and juvenile Phronima sp. However, the P2 treatment showed the highest average values for absolute weight growth, SGR, and population growth rate. Water quality during the study remained within suitable ranges for Phronima sp. growth, with temperature of 26.5–29.6°C, pH of 8.25–8.50, and dissolved oxygen of 5.52–6.68 mg/L. These findings indicate that gradual salinity reduction to 0 ppt with different frequencies remains within the physiological tolerance of Phronima sp. and does not significantly affect its growth.
Analysis of Nitrate, Nitrite, and Orthophosphate Content in the Waters of Lembar Bay
Lembar Bay is a coastal ecosystem utilized for fisheries, port activities, aquaculture, and human settlements, making it vulnerable to changes in water quality due to natural and anthropogenic nutrient inputs. This study aimed to analyze nitrate, nitrite, and orthophosphate concentrations as indicators of water quality in Lembar Bay, West Lombok, Indonesia. A quantitative descriptive method was employed by collecting seawater samples from five sampling stations representing mangrove, open coastal, port, traditional aquaculture, and residential areas during May 2026. Water samples were analyzed for nitrate, nitrite, and orthophosphate concentrations, while water temperature, salinity, and pH were measured as supporting physicochemical parameters. The results showed that nitrate concentrations ranged from 0.02 to 0.07 mg/L, nitrite from 0.001 to 0.009 mg/L, and orthophosphate from 0.001 to 0.06 mg/L. Nitrate concentrations were relatively high compared with the marine water quality standard for aquatic biota, particularly in the mangrove area, indicating substantial nutrient inputs from organic matter decomposition and terrestrial runoff. In contrast, nitrite concentrations remained low, suggesting that nitrogen transformation processes were functioning efficiently, while orthophosphate concentrations reflected low to moderate trophic conditions that were still capable of supporting primary productivity. Overall, the water quality of Lembar Bay remains suitable for sustaining aquatic organisms. However, the elevated nitrate concentration highlights the need for continuous monitoring and effective nutrient management to prevent eutrophication and maintain the ecological sustainability of the coastal ecosystem.
Polyvinyl Chloride Microplastic Exposure Alters Body Colour and Reduces Condition Factor in Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics may compromise fish health, but visible sublethal responses in ornamental fish remain poorly documented. This study evaluated whether nominal PVC microplastic exposure altered CIE L*a*b* body-colour indices, Fulton's condition factor, and survival of guppy (Poecilia reticulata). A completely randomized design included 0, 5, 15, and 20 mg/L PVC treatments, each with three aquaria stocked with 10 fish and maintained for 45 days. Treatment means were evaluated by one-way analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range test. The 15 and 20 mg/L treatments produced higher lightness and lower redness and yellowness than the control and 5 mg/L treatments. At 20 mg/L, survival declined to 66.67 ± 15.28% and the condition factor declined to 0.96 ± 0.13. These results show a marked fading of red and yellow body-colour components at 15 to 20 mg/L, while reduced survival and condition factor were most evident at 20 mg/L. Digital CIE L*a*b* metrics may therefore provide a practical visual endpoint for screening sublethal responses of ornamental fish to nominal PVC microplastic exposure. The study did not test the physiological mechanisms that generated the colour response.
One Percent Dietary Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) Improves Color Brightness and Growth Performance in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) is widely used in ornamental fish diets because it contains carotenoids, phycocyanin, protein, vitamins, and other bioactive compounds that may enhance pigmentation and support growth. However, the optimal dietary inclusion level of spirulina for zebrafish (Danio rerio) remains unclear, particularly when colour performance and growth responses are evaluated simultaneously. This study examined the effects of dietary spirulina supplementation on colour performance, growth, and physiological responses in zebrafish. A 30-day feeding trial was conducted using a completely randomized design with four treatments: 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% spirulina inclusion, each with three replicate aquaria. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, with Welch ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis tests used to assess result robustness. Dietary spirulina significantly affected RGB brightness, length gain, and weight gain. The most consistent improvement occurred at 1% inclusion. The highest RGB brightness (83.81 ± 2.13), length gain (0.18 ± 0.01 cm), and weight gain (0.15 ± 0.03 g) were recorded in the 1% treatment, which outperformed the control and higher inclusion levels. Total colour score and specific growth rate also tended to peak at 1%, although these responses showed lower statistical stability under non-parametric analysis. Condition factor, survival, and abnormality were not significantly affected by dietary treatment. Overall, 1% dietary spirulina supplementation provided the most effective balance between improved colour appearance and growth performance, while higher inclusion levels did not produce additional benefits under the tested conditions.
Antioxidant Activity Identification of Crude Extract of Halimeda sp. From the Seribu Islands Using Different Testing Methods (DPPH, CUPRAC, and FRAP)
The green seaweed from the genus Halimeda is a marine biological resource that holds promise as a source of bioactive compounds, such as antioxidant compounds. The antioxidant activity may differ based on the assay technique since each technique relies on a unique reaction mechanism. This research intended to assess the antioxidant properties of crude Halimeda sp. extract from the Seribu Islands employing three techniques: DPPH, CUPRAC, and FRAP. The sample was obtained through maceration with methanol and subsequently assessed for free radical scavenging activity and metal ion reduction capability. The findings indicated that the CUPRAC method yielded the greatest antioxidant activity, scoring 147.91 µmol Trolox/g extract, while the FRAP method followed with 83.61 µmol Trolox/g extract. The DPPH method generated an IC₅₀ value of 226.09 mg/L. These varying values suggest that the chemical properties of the compounds in the extract react differently to each testing principle. Consequently, employing several antioxidant assays is essential for a more thorough assessment of the antioxidant capacity of Halimeda sp. seaweed extract.
Analysis of Seasonal Patterns of Mackerel (Scomberomorus sp.) in Belawan Samudera Fishery Port
Mackerel (Scomberomorus sp.) is a large pelagic fish from the Scombridae family that lives in schools and is migratory. This commodity has high economic value and is one of the important catches landed at the Belawan Ocean Fisheries Port (PPS), WPPNRI 571. However, mackerel production shows fluctuations from year to year. This study aims to analyze the catch and seasonal patterns of mackerel fishing at the Belawan PPS. The study was conducted in January-February 2026 using a quantitative descriptive survey method utilizing secondary data from the Belawan PPS fisheries logbook for 2021-2025. The analysis included calculating Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE), standardizing fishing gear using the Fishing Power Index (FPI), estimating Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) and optimum effort using the Schaefer model, calculating the Total Allowable Catch (TAC), utilization levels, and fishing seasonal patterns using the average percentage method based on time series. The results showed an average annual production of mackerel fish of 34,048 tons. The highest CPUE value occurred in 2021 at 0.55 tons/trip and the lowest in 2025 at 0.03 tons/trip. The MSY value obtained was 150,957 tons/year with an optimum effort of 1,401.702 trips and a TAC of 120,765 tons/year. The average utilization rate of 23% indicates that the resource is still underfished. The peak fishing season occurs in May, July, October, and November, while the lean season occurs in February, March, April, August, and December. The results indicate that mackerel resources in the Belawan PPS still have the potential for sustainable utilization.
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Analysis of Cadmium Heavy Metal Content in Blood Cockles (Anadara granosa) at Cemara Waters, West Lombok
Blood cockles are widely distributed in the coastal waters of West Lombok and are commonly consumed due to their high nutritional value. However, as filter-feeding organisms, cockles have the ability to bioaccumulate heavy metals, making them effective bioindicators of aquatic pollution. This study aimed to analyze the concentration of Cadmium (Cd) in blood cockles (Anadara granosa) and sediments collected from the coastal waters of Pantai Cemara, West Lombok. Sampling was conducted from January to September 2025 at three observation stations determined based on fishermen’s information regarding potential pollution sources. The results showed that Cd concentrations in cockles ranged from 0.039 to 0.047 mg/kg, with an average value of 0.044 mg/kg. Cd concentrations in sediments ranged from 0.013 to 0,019 mg/kg, also well below the sediment quality guideline value of 25 mg/kg.
The Effectiveness of Betel (Piper betle Linn.) Leaf Extract in Controlling Argulus sp. in Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Koi (Cyprinus carpio) are a type of ornamental fish with high economic value. The main problem faced by koi fish business operators and enthusiasts is infestation by the parasite Argulus sp. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of betel leaf extract in controlling Argulus sp. parasites in koi fish and to determine the most effective dose of betel leaf extract for controlling Argulus sp. parasites in koi fish. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments: Treatment K (control) with a betel leaf extract dose of 0 mL/L, Treatment 1 (P1) with a dose of 25 mL/L, Treatment 2 (P2) at a dose of 30 mL/L, Treatment 3 (P3) at a dose of 35 mL/L, and three replicates for each. The observed parameters included Argulus sp. mortality, fish survival rate (SR), behavioral response, and water quality. The results of the study showed that betel leaf extract had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the mortality of Argulus sp., with the highest value observed in P3 at a dose of 35 mL/L (98%), while the highest survival rate was obtained in P2 at a dose of 30 mL/L (93.33%).
Carbon Sequestration Potential of Kappaphycus alvarezii Seaweed Cultivation in Bondo Waters, Jepara Regency, Indonesia
Global warming poses a critical challenge worldwide, driven by high levels of carbon emissions. This study aims to evaluate the carbon sequestration potential of Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed cultivated using the longline system in Bondo waters, Mlonggo District, Jepara Regency. The research involves measuring carbon absorption, analyzing carbon content, estimating the total carbon sequestration potential of the cultivation area, and assessing the relationship between water quality parameters and carbon absorption levels. Samples were collected periodically on days 14, 28, 42, and 49 during a single cultivation cycle. Results reveal a total carbon absorption of 305.21 tons of C per cycle (1,831.27 tons of C per year) with the highest carbon content recorded at 43.68% on day 28. The total carbon sequestration potential across an effective cultivation area of 44.36 hectares is estimated at 40,617.79 tons of C annually. The study also identifies a positive correlation between carbon absorption, biomass growth, and water quality parameters such as brightness, salinity, and pH. These findings support the development of seaweed cultivation as a viable solution for mitigating carbon emissions through integration into carbon trading schemes and blue economy programs. This research makes a significant contribution toward Indonesia's net zero emissions target by 2060 while offering sustainable economic and social benefits for coastal communities. Further studies are recommended to explore the long-term effects of repeated cultivation cycles and the diversification of other seaweed species.
Effectiveness of Octopus (Octopus sp.) Ink Extract on the Growth of Mozambique Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) Infected with Aeromonas hydrophila
Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) is an important aquaculture commodity in Indonesia; however, its productivity can be constrained by disease outbreaks, including Aeromonas hydrophila infection. The use of natural feed additives containing nutritional and bioactive compounds is a promising strategy to improve fish growth and health. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of octopus (Octopus sp.) ink extract supplemented in feed on the growth performance of Mozambique tilapia infected with A. hydrophila. The study was conducted for 45 days using a completely randomized design with five treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of a positive control, namely feed without octopus ink extract with A. hydrophila infection (K+); a negative control, namely feed without octopus ink extract and without A. hydrophila infection (K-); and feed supplemented with octopus ink extract at 50, 100, and 150 ml/kg feed followed by A. hydrophila infection (A, B, and C, respectively). The observed growth parameters were absolute weight gain, absolute length gain, specific weight growth rate, and specific length growth rate. The results showed that octopus ink extract supplementation improved all growth parameters compared with the positive control. The best performance was obtained in treatment B (100 ml/kg feed), with an absolute weight gain of 10.77±1.53 g, absolute length gain of 2.65±0.39 cm, specific weight growth rate of 2.59±0.11%/day, and specific length growth rate of 2.16±0.05%/day. Therefore, octopus ink extract has potential as a natural feed additive to enhance the growth performance of Mozambique tilapia challenged with A. hydrphila.
Deep Learning and Streaming Data for Real-Time Water Quality Monitoring in Shrimp Aquaculture: A Systematic Literature Review
Shrimp aquaculture is a critical part of the global seafood industry but remains highly vulnerable to environmental fluctuations and disease outbreaks, largely due to inadequate water quality management. Recent advances in deep learning and real-time streaming data offer promising solutions for intelligent monitoring and control. This systematic literature review evaluates state-of-the-art approaches integrating deep learning models and streaming architectures for water quality monitoring in shrimp aquaculture. Following PRISMA guidelines, 38 peer-reviewed studies published between 2020 and 2025 were selected from Scopus, with emphasis on tropical aquaculture systems. The findings are organized into four themes: predictive deep learning models, smart sensing technologies and data sources, streaming and edge computing architectures, and behavioral monitoring with production outcomes. LSTM, GRU, and CNN models show strong performance in predicting dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature. Data are commonly collected through IoT sensors, UAVs, and AI-based imaging systems, enabling high-speed acquisition and detailed spatial information. Streaming platforms such as Apache Kafka, combined with embedded AI and edge computing, support near-real-time analytics and responsive system operation. Visual behavioral monitoring further enables early detection of stress indicators and improves operational efficiency. Overall, integrating deep learning with streaming data can substantially enhance sustainability and efficiency in shrimp farming. However, challenges remain in standardization, scalability, and behavioral modeling. Future research should prioritize benchmarking, hybrid edge–cloud architectures, and long-term validation studies.
Screening Antibacterial Activity in Soft Coral Extract Sinularia sp. from Pahawang Island Waters, Lampung
Sinularia sp. is one of the most widespread and abundant types of soft coral in Indonesian waters. The soft coral Sinularia sp. haves many bioactive compounds to use as a patogen antibacterial agent. The aim of this research was to compare the antibacterial activity from the soft coral Sinularia sp. against the pathogenic bacterial strain Escherichia coli. Samples of the soft coral Sinularia sp. were collected by SCUBA diving equipment at around Pahawang Island, Pesawaran Regency, Lampung, Indonesia, in July 2025. In this study, two species of soft corals, Sinularia polydactyla and Sinularia flexibilis, were found at the research site. The extract yields for soft coral species used methanol resulted in higher values compared to ethyl acetate and hexane. The antibacterial activity of the extract soft corals against the pathogenic bacteria E. coli used ethyl acetate solvent better than methanol and hexane. Soft coral extract for Sinularia sp. with ethyl acetate solvent can be used as antibacterial candidates against the pathogenic bacteria E. coli.
Optimization of Probiotic Dosage in Tomato Meal-Enriched Diet to Improve Growth and Feed Utilization Efficiency in Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)
Probiotics and prebiotics are promising functional feed additives in aquaculture because they can improve gut health, nutrient utilization, growth, and survival of cultured aquatic species. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different probiotic dosages in a tomato meal enriched diet on growth performance, feed utilization efficiency, and survival of whiteleg shrimp. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design consisting of four treatment and three replicates. The treatments included PR-5, PR-10, and PR-15, representing tomato meal-enriched diet supplemented with 5, 10, and 15 mL probiotic/kg feed, respectively, and WPR, representing tomato meal-enriched diet without probiotic supplementation. The shrimp were reared for 30 days and evaluated for weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency, and survival rate. The results showed that probiotic supplementation significantly affected weight gain, feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency, and survival rate (P < 0.05), but did not significantly affect specific growth rate on day 15 or day 30 (P > 0.05). The PR-15 treatment produced the highest weight gain of 7.53 g, the lowest feed conversion ratio of 15.68, the highest feed efficiency of 6.39%, and the highest survival rate of 80.00%. These findings indicate that supplementation with 15 mL probiotic/kg feed in a tomato-meal enriched diet was the most effective treatment for improving growth performance, feed utilization efficiency, and survival of whiteleg shrimp. Therefore, this dietary strategy may support more efficient and sustainable whiteleg shrimp culture.
Analysis of the Use of Cashless Payment Methods by Evi Tenggiri MSMEs Consumers in Bengkulu City
Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are the backbone of the Indonesian economy and the culinary MSME sector in Bengkulu City is growing rapidly, supported by abundant marine resources and increasing consumer demand. In this context, the fish-based culinary business Evi Tenggiri has begun adopting cashless payment systems such as e-wallets, mobile banking, QRIS, and debit/credit cards, yet cash transactions still dominate daily operations. This study aims to analyze the level of cashless payment usage and to identify the factors that influence consumers in using cashless payments at Evi Tenggiri MSMEs in Bengkulu City. An accidental sampling technique was applied to consumers who conducted cashless transactions within the last month. Descriptive analysis was used to describe respondent characteristics and the intensity of cashless payment usage, while binary logistic regression was employed to examine the determinants of usage. The results indicate that most consumers are in the “frequently use” category, although cashless payments have not fully replaced cash in routine transactions. Furthermore, ease of use and service quality have a significant positive effect on the likelihood of using cashless payments, whereas security and compatibility do not show a significant influence. These findings suggest that consumer decisions are primarily driven by practical benefits directly perceived during transactions rather than by security concerns or lifestyle considerations. The study concludes that strengthening cashless payment adoption in MSMEs requires improving ease of use and service quality while maintaining adequate security standards.
Potential of Halophilic Bacteria from Hypersaline Waters to Reduce Polyethylene Microplastic Abundance in Artemia sp. Culture: A Preliminary Indication of Degradation Based on Gravimetric Weight Loss
Polyethylene (PE) microplastic contamination in aquaculture systems can increase plastic particle exposure in zooplankton, including Artemia sp., while also elevating the risk of biological disturbance in cultured organisms. This study evaluated the potential of halophilic bacteria isolated from hypersaline waters to reduce PE microplastic abundance in Artemia sp. and to provide a preliminary indication of PE degradation based on gravimetric weight loss. A completely randomized design with six treatments and three replications was applied: P0 (without microplastics and bacteria), KN (PE 2 mg/L), KP (bacteria 106 CFU/mL), P1 (PE 2 mg/L + bacteria 106 CFU/mL), P2 (PE 2 mg/L + bacteria 107 CFU/mL), and P3 (PE 2 mg/L + bacteria 108 CFU/mL). The primary response variables were microplastic abundance in Artemia sp. and PE degradation efficiency, whereas growth, survival, and water quality were treated as supporting variables. The treatments significantly affected microplastic abundance in Artemia sp. KN produced the highest abundance (0.1100 particles/individual), whereas bacterial addition reduced the value to 0.0267 particles/individual in P1, 0.0267 in P2, and 0.0467 in P3. PE weight loss ranged from 20.0% to 31.1%, with the highest value recorded in P1. These findings suggest that a halophilic bacterial inoculum of 106 CFU/mL was the most promising level for early-stage PE bioremediation in Artemia culture systems. Nevertheless, because degradation was assessed only by gravimetric loss, the result should be interpreted as a preliminary indication and still requires abiotic controls, SEM, and FTIR confirmation.
Sublethal Exposure to Polystyrene Microplastics Alters Swimming Behaviour and Reduces Survival of Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)
Polystyrene microplastics (PS) in aquaculture systems may impair shrimp behaviour and survival, yet experimental evidence directly linking exposure intensity with easily observable behavioural indicators remains limited. This study evaluated the effects of sublethal PS exposure on swimming behaviour and survival of whiteleg shrimp during a 45-day rearing period. A completely randomized design was applied using four treatments: 0, 10, 20, and 30 mg/L PS, each with three replicates. PL-30 whiteleg shrimp were stocked at 20 individuals per 20-L container. Swimming behaviour was repeatedly assessed using three categories: BN (normal swimming), BL (weak swimming), and BL;DD (weak swimming with bottom-resting tendency). Survival data were analysed using ANOVA followed by Duncan’s multiple range test at a 5% significance level, whereas behavioural observations were interpreted descriptively. Behavioural deterioration followed a consistent dose-related pattern. The control group remained normal throughout the observation period, while the 20–30 mg/L treatments shifted earlier toward BL and BL;DD. Survival was highest in the control (73.33 ± 5.77%) and declined to 31.67–36.67% in PS-exposed groups. ANOVA indicated a significant treatment effect on survival (F(3,8) = 28.263; p < 0.001), and Duncan’s test separated the control from all exposed treatments, whereas the 10–30 mg/L treatments remained in the same homogeneous subset. Because water quality remained within an acceptable range, the behavioural shift and reduced survival were more plausibly linked to PS exposure than to deterioration in rearing conditions. These findings highlight swimming behaviour as a practical early-warning indicator in shrimp culture exposed to microplastics.
The Effect of Noni Fruit (Morinda citrofolia) on Controlling Argulus sp. in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Argulus sp. is one of the ectoparasites that commonly infects common carp (Cyprinus common carpio) and can reduce fish health and productivity. One environmentally friendly control method is the use of natural ingredients such as noni fruit (Morinda citrofolia) which contains bioactive compounds that have antiparasitic properties. This study aimed to analyze the effect of noni fruit extract on the control of Argulus sp. in common carp and to determine the effective dosage for controlling the parasite. The study used an experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of four treatments of noni fruit extract concentration: P1 (1%), P2 (2%), P3 (3%), and P4 (4%) with five replications. The observed parameters included fish survival rate, Argulus sp. mortality time, parasite mortality, prevalence, and intensity of parasite infestation. The result showed that the administration of noni fruit extract had a significant effect on mortality, prevalence and intensity of Argulus sp. infestation. The best treatment was obtained at a concentration of 2% (P2), with a fish survival rate of 100%, Argulus sp. mortality of 98,67%, prevalence of 4 %, and infestation intensity of 0.2 parasites each fish.
The Effect of Giving Ketapang Leaves and Betel Leaves on the Survival Rate of Betta Fish (Betta splendens)
A common problem faced by betta fish breeders during the hatchery stage is the low survival rate of fry, as they are highly susceptible to changes in water quality and disease. Therefore, fry management is necessary to increase survival rates by using natural ingredients that are environmentally friendly and do not cause resistance. Ketapang leaves (Terminalia catappa) and betel leaves (Piper betle) can be used because they contain active compounds such as flavonoids, which have antimicrobial properties that can help inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi in the water. The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate dosage of ketapang leaves and betel leaves for the survival rate of betta fry. This study used an experimental method, namely RAL with 4 treatments and 3 replications, the treatments tested were P0 (control): no treatment, P1: 1 g/l ketapang leaves, P2: 1 g/l betel leaves, P3: 0.5 g/l ketapang leaves and 0.5 g/l betel leaves. The parameters tested included absolute weight, absolute length, specific weight growth, daily length growth and survival rate. The results showed that the average absolute weight of betta fish ranged from 0.193-0.444 g, the average absolute length ranged from 2.379-3.021 cm, the average specific growth rate ranged from 0.015-0.006%/day, the average daily growth rate ranged from 0.034-0.019%/day, and the average survival rate ranged from 60.00-13.33%.
Application of Commercial Probiotics to Control Vibrio sp. in Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Culture at PT Sumber Agromina Jaya
Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is a leading aquaculture commodity with high economic value and can be farmed intensively with high stocking density. Intensive farming systems have the potential to increase the accumulation of organic matter and metabolic waste, which can trigger the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as Vibrio sp. The presence of these bacteria can cause health disturbances in shrimp and reduce survival rates. The purpose of this study is to determine and test the effectiveness of probiotics in suppressing the population of Vibrio sp. in whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) farming. Data collection methods were carried out primarily and secondarily through direct observation, interviews, active participation in the field, documentation, and literature studies. Control techniques were performed through several stages, namely pond preparation, probiotic culture using molasses and skim milk, mixing probiotics into feed, application of probiotics to ponds. as well as routine monitoring of water quality. The observed parameters include nitrate (NO₃), nitrite (NO₂), ammonium (NH₄), phosphate (PO₄), alkalinity, Total Organic Matter (TOM), and the total population of Vibrio sp. The results of the study showed that the application of commercial probiotics was effective in suppressing the growth of Vibrio sp. with a population density of 103-104 CFU/ml during cultivation through the mechanisms of nutrient competition and the production of antibacterial compounds, as well as helping to maintain the stability of pond water quality within the optimal range for shrimp growth.
Effectiveness of Different Macroalgae Species on the Growth and Survival Rate of Mangrove Snails (Telescopium telescopium) in the Coastal Area of Lewoleba
Lewoleba is one of the villages in Nubatukan Sub-district, Lembata Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, which has a coastal area and a mangrove ecosystem with a muddy substrate that is suitable as a habitat for Telescopium telescopium. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different macroalgae diets on the growth and survival rate of mangrove snails, T. telescopium, cultivated in the coastal area of Lewoleba. The experiment was conducted for three months using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of four treatments with three replicates each: A (Ulva lactuca), B (Padina sp.), C (Gracilaria corticata), and D (a combination of the three macroalgae species). Parameters observed included absolute weight growth, absolute length growth, survival rate, and water quality. The results showed that the treatments significantly affected absolute weight gain, with the highest growth recorded in treatment D (1.34 g) and the lowest in treatment A (0.59 g). The highest absolute length growth was also observed in treatment D (0.84 cm), although it was not significantly different from the other treatments. Survival rates ranged from 76.67% to 83.33% and did not differ significantly among treatments. Water quality parameters throughout the study remained within suitable ranges for mangrove snail cultivation. In conclusion, feeding with combination of macroalgae (Ulva lactuca + Padina sp. + Gracilaria corticata) produced the best results in promoting the growth of mangrove snails (T. telescopium) compared to feeding a single type of feed.
Efficacy of Kremah (Alternanthera sp.) Leaf Extract in Reducing Methomyl-Induced Effects on Leukocyte Response in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Intensification of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) farming around agricultural land increases the risk of contamination by the toxic and genotoxic pesticide methomyl, which can trigger oxidative stress, and immune system disorders. The use of natural materials with antioxidant potential, such as kremah (Alternanthera sp.) leaf extract, is an alternative to mitigate these effects. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of immersion in kremah leaf extract on the leukocyte differential of tilapia exposed to methomyl. A completely randomized design was applied, consisting of four treatments with three replications, namely control, and doses of 20, 30, and 40 ppm. The fish were exposed to 3.2 ppm methomyl for 96 hours and then immersed in the extract for 14 days. The observed parameters comprised leukocyte differential, clinical signs, and water quality, all of which were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by an LSD test (p < 0.05). The findings indicated that methomyl exposure led to an increase in monocytes while reducing lymphocyte levels. Immersed in 40 ppm extract for 14 days provided the best results by decreasing monocytes (4.00%), as well as increasing lymphocytes (82.00%) and hemoglobin levels to near normal. It was concluded that kremah leaf extract effectively mitigates oxidative stress and genetic damage caused by methomyl, with an optimal dose of 40 ppm for 14 days.
Trophic Structure and Vulnerability of Fish Species Exploited by Bottom Gillnet in the Coastal Waters of Lambur Luar Village, Jambi, Indonesia
Small-scale fisheries in coastal areas utilize various fishing gears, including bottom gillnet, which can catch fish species with different trophic levels. Fishing activities may influence the trophic structure of fish communities and the vulnerability of species to exploitation. This study aimed to analyze the trophic structure, vulnerability level, conservation status based on the IUCN Red List, and Mean Trophic Level (MTL) of fish species caught using bottom gillnet in the coastal waters of Lambur Luar Village, Tanjung Jabung Timur Regency. The study used a survey method with data collected through direct observation of fishermen's catches. Data analysis included catch species composition, trophic level values ​​obtained from the FishBase database, vulnerability analysis of each species, identification of IUCN conservation status, and calculation of Mean Trophic Level (MTL) based on the proportion of catch composition. The results showed that the catches consisted of 20 species, with trophic groups dominated by mesopredators (50%) and top predators (25%), while omnivores and herbivores were found in smaller proportions. Vulnerability analysis indicated that most species were categorized as having low to moderate vulnerability, although several species showed high vulnerability to fishing pressure. Based on the IUCN Red List, most species were classified as Least Concern (LC). The calculated Mean Trophic Level (MTL) was 3.2, indicating that the catches were dominated by mid-level carnivorous fish species.
Study of the Presence of Streptococcosis in Tilapia Cultivation in Banyumas Regency
Tilapia is the most widely cultivated fish in Banyumas which is susceptible to bacterial diseases caused by the increasing number of disease cases in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) due to high cultivation intensification. One of the diseases that often attacks is streptococcosis caused by the bacteria Streptococcus sp., which can cause mass mortality and major economic losses for farmers. The purpose of this study was to identify pathogenic bacteria in farmed tilapia in Banyumas. The method used in this study was a purposive sampling method, namely by taking samples of tilapia that have characteristics of disease symptoms such as protruding eyes, damaged fins, and red wounds on the scales from three locations, namely Beji Village, Karangsalam Village, and Pasir Wetan Village. Bacterial samples were obtained from four organs, namely the brain, kidneys, eyes, and liver, then observed the morphology of bacterial colonies and Gram KOH tests were carried out. The results showed that bacterial colonies found in most organs were round to irregular in shape, white to yellowish in color, and Gram positive, which shows the characteristics of Streptococcus sp. bacteria. Based on these results, it can be concluded that Streptococcus sp. bacteria are still the main threat in tilapia cultivation in Banyumas, so it is necessary to take preventive measures through the implementation of good biosecurity, the use of immunostimulants, and the development of vaccines to maintain the sustainability of tilapia cultivation businesses, especially in Banyumas Regency.
Identification and Characterization of Fungi Associated with Shrimp from Whiteleg Shrimp Ponds in East Java
Fungal infections in shrimp are one of the main challenges in shrimp farming activities that have the potential to reduce productivity levels and crop quality. Fungi are known as opportunistic microorganisms that can cause serious problems, especially when pond environmental conditions are not supportive. Fungal attacks generally occur when shrimp experience physiological stress due to temperature fluctuations, changes in salinity, decreased water quality, or excessively high stocking densities. This study was conducted to identify and characterize the types of fungi associated with shrimp ponds in three main cultivation areas in East Java, namely Banyuwangi, Jember, and Gresik. The fungal isolation process was carried out using Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) media and incubated at 27°C. Morphological identification was carried out by observing the characteristics of colonies, the shape and color of hyphae, and the structure of conidia. The results of the observations obtained were 6 fungal isolates divided into two main groups, namely yeast including Candida sp., Rhodotorula sp., and Brettanomyces sp. The most commonly found mold species were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Aspergillus niger. The results of this study demonstrate the potential of fungal probiotics in shrimp farming ecosystems and serve as a basis for developing disease prevention strategies for whiteleg shrimp in East Java's shrimp ponds.
Isolation and Molecular Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria in Giant Gourami (Osphronemus gouramy) Cultivated in Tamansari and Singasari Villages, Banyumas Regency
Giant gourami (Osphronemus gouramy) is a freshwater fishery commodity with high economic value and is widely cultivated in Banyumas Regency. However, the emergence of diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria often becomes an obstacle in cultivation activities because it can reduce the survival rate and productivity of fish. This study aims to identify the types of pathogenic bacteria found in gouramy fish raised in Tamansari and Singasari Villages, Banyumas Regency. The research method was carried out by taking liver samples of gouramy fish which were then isolated on TSA media. Identification was carried out based on the morphological characteristics of bacterial colonies, the Gram KOH test, and molecular identification. The results showed that from both locations, several bacterial isolates were obtained with similar colony morphological characteristics, namely round (circular), small size, smooth edges, smooth surface, and cream color. The results of the Gram KOH test showed that all isolates were Gram-negative bacteria. Based on these characteristics, the isolates have similarities with the genus Acinetobacter which is often found as an opportunistic bacteria in freshwater fish. The results of molecular identification also showed that the bacteria obtained from the cultivated gouramy fish were Acinetobacter sp. This study provides a preliminary overview of the presence of opportunistic bacteria such as Acinetobacter sp., which have the potential to become pathogens in gourami when water quality conditions are unstable.
Characterization and Inventory of Ectoparasites in Cultivated Fish at the Aquaculture Technology Development Center (BPTPB) Cangkringan, Sleman, Special Region of Yogyakarta
Fish farming has increased significantly compared to capture fisheries due to overfishing and the excessive exploitation of wild fish resources. However, the intensification of aquaculture systems is often followed by the emergence of various diseases, including ectoparasite infestations. Ectoparasites are important pathogens that can reduce fish productivity and health status. Their presence may cause clinical symptoms such as wounds and hemorrhages on the skin and gills, respiratory disorders, abnormal swimming behavior, and even mortality in fish. This study aimed to identify and inventory the types of ectoparasites infesting cultured fish at the Center for Aquaculture Technology Development (BPTPB) Cangkringan, Sleman, Special Region of Yogyakarta, and to determine their prevalence and intensity levels. The research applied a descriptive method through field observations and microscopic examinations, with scraping techniques performed on the skin, fins, and gills of fish. A total of 85 fish samples were examined, consisting of tilapia (n=20), carp (n=21), koi (n=24), and catfish (n=20). The results revealed six ectoparasite taxa infecting cultured fish: Trichodina, Gyrodactylus, Dactylogyrus, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Myxobolus, and Epistylis. Among these, Trichodina showed the highest prevalence and intensity, reaching 100% prevalence with an intensity of 840.5 parasite individuals per fish. In contrast, the lowest values were recorded for Gyrodactylus, with a prevalence of 4.76% and an intensity of 1 parasite individual per fish. These findings indicate the need for effective fish health management and parasite control strategies to prevent infections that may reduce aquaculture productivity.
Development of a Community-Based Sustainable Coral Reef Ecosystem Conservation Model through the Integration of Local Wisdom and Scientific Approaches in North Lombok Regency
Coral reef ecosystems in North Lombok Regency are increasingly threatened by overfishing, destructive practices, pollution, and climate change, despite their vital role in supporting biodiversity and coastal livelihoods. This study aims to identify and analyze the ecological, socio-economic conditions, and local wisdom of coastal communities in the development of a community-based sustainable marine conservation model in North Lombok Regency. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling on 50 respondents consisting of fishermen, marine tourism operators, and coastal communities involved in the utilization of marine resources. Data collection methods included field surveys, coral reef condition observations, water quality parameter measurements, and the distribution of questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Data analysis used a quantitative and qualitative descriptive approach integrated into the formulation of a conceptual model. The results showed that (1) live coral cover was in the good category, ranging from 60 to 70%, and was supported by relatively stable water quality parameters, (2) the community had a high level of economic dependence on marine resources, (3) local wisdom such as Awig-awig still plays a role in regulating resource use, but has not been systematically integrated with a scientific approach, and (4) the development of a conservation model that integrates quantitative biophysical data with social legitimacy based on local wisdom within the village institutional framework is considered feasible to implement. This model emphasizes the importance of community participation, regional policy support, technical assistance, and conservation-based economic incentives to ensure ecosystem sustainability and the welfare of coastal communities.
Lalu Achmad Tan Tilar Wangsajati Sukmaring Kalih