The Journal of Fish Health (JFH) has an objective to publish and provide high-quality scientific contributions to the field of fish health. These contributions are sourced from innovative research that encourages science and technology development in the field of fish health on a national and international scale. This journal serves as a communication medium for researchers, academics, students, and communities. This journal is published four times a year in February, May, August, and November since 2024.
Study Program of Aquaculture, Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mataram
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Potential of Halophilic Bacteria from Hypersaline Waters to Reduce Polyethylene Microplastic Abundance in Artemia sp. Culture: A Preliminary Indication of Degradation Based on Gravimetric Weight Loss
Polyethylene (PE) microplastic contamination in aquaculture systems can increase plastic particle exposure in zooplankton, including Artemia sp., while also elevating the risk of biological disturbance in cultured organisms. This study evaluated the potential of halophilic bacteria isolated from hypersaline waters to reduce PE microplastic abundance in Artemia sp. and to provide a preliminary indication of PE degradation based on gravimetric weight loss. A completely randomized design with six treatments and three replications was applied: P0 (without microplastics and bacteria), KN (PE 2 mg/L), KP (bacteria 106 CFU/mL), P1 (PE 2 mg/L + bacteria 106 CFU/mL), P2 (PE 2 mg/L + bacteria 107 CFU/mL), and P3 (PE 2 mg/L + bacteria 108 CFU/mL). The primary response variables were microplastic abundance in Artemia sp. and PE degradation efficiency, whereas growth, survival, and water quality were treated as supporting variables. The treatments significantly affected microplastic abundance in Artemia sp. KN produced the highest abundance (0.1100 particles/individual), whereas bacterial addition reduced the value to 0.0267 particles/individual in P1, 0.0267 in P2, and 0.0467 in P3. PE weight loss ranged from 20.0% to 31.1%, with the highest value recorded in P1. These findings suggest that a halophilic bacterial inoculum of 106 CFU/mL was the most promising level for early-stage PE bioremediation in Artemia culture systems. Nevertheless, because degradation was assessed only by gravimetric loss, the result should be interpreted as a preliminary indication and still requires abiotic controls, SEM, and FTIR confirmation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Fish Health
Sublethal Exposure to Polystyrene Microplastics Alters Swimming Behaviour and Reduces Survival of Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)
Polystyrene microplastics (PS) in aquaculture systems may impair shrimp behaviour and survival, yet experimental evidence directly linking exposure intensity with easily observable behavioural indicators remains limited. This study evaluated the effects of sublethal PS exposure on swimming behaviour and survival of whiteleg shrimp during a 45-day rearing period. A completely randomized design was applied using four treatments: 0, 10, 20, and 30 mg/L PS, each with three replicates. PL-30 whiteleg shrimp were stocked at 20 individuals per 20-L container. Swimming behaviour was repeatedly assessed using three categories: BN (normal swimming), BL (weak swimming), and BL;DD (weak swimming with bottom-resting tendency). Survival data were analysed using ANOVA followed by Duncan’s multiple range test at a 5% significance level, whereas behavioural observations were interpreted descriptively. Behavioural deterioration followed a consistent dose-related pattern. The control group remained normal throughout the observation period, while the 20–30 mg/L treatments shifted earlier toward BL and BL;DD. Survival was highest in the control (73.33 ± 5.77%) and declined to 31.67–36.67% in PS-exposed groups. ANOVA indicated a significant treatment effect on survival (F(3,8) = 28.263; p < 0.001), and Duncan’s test separated the control from all exposed treatments, whereas the 10–30 mg/L treatments remained in the same homogeneous subset. Because water quality remained within an acceptable range, the behavioural shift and reduced survival were more plausibly linked to PS exposure than to deterioration in rearing conditions. These findings highlight swimming behaviour as a practical early-warning indicator in shrimp culture exposed to microplastics.
The Effect of Noni Fruit (Morinda citrofolia) on Controlling Argulus sp. in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Argulus sp. is one of the ectoparasites that commonly infects common carp (Cyprinus common carpio) and can reduce fish health and productivity. One environmentally friendly control method is the use of natural ingredients such as noni fruit (Morinda citrofolia) which contains bioactive compounds that have antiparasitic properties. This study aimed to analyze the effect of noni fruit extract on the control of Argulus sp. in common carp and to determine the effective dosage for controlling the parasite. The study used an experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of four treatments of noni fruit extract concentration: P1 (1%), P2 (2%), P3 (3%), and P4 (4%) with five replications. The observed parameters included fish survival rate, Argulus sp. mortality time, parasite mortality, prevalence, and intensity of parasite infestation. The result showed that the administration of noni fruit extract had a significant effect on mortality, prevalence and intensity of Argulus sp. infestation. The best treatment was obtained at a concentration of 2% (P2), with a fish survival rate of 100%, Argulus sp. mortality of 98,67%, prevalence of 4 %, and infestation intensity of 0.2 parasites each fish.
Efficacy of Kremah (Alternanthera sp.) Leaf Extract in Reducing Methomyl-Induced Effects on Leukocyte Response in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Intensification of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) farming around agricultural land increases the risk of contamination by the toxic and genotoxic pesticide methomyl, which can trigger oxidative stress, and immune system disorders. The use of natural materials with antioxidant potential, such as kremah (Alternanthera sp.) leaf extract, is an alternative to mitigate these effects. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of immersion in kremah leaf extract on the leukocyte differential of tilapia exposed to methomyl. A completely randomized design was applied, consisting of four treatments with three replications, namely control, and doses of 20, 30, and 40 ppm. The fish were exposed to 3.2 ppm methomyl for 96 hours and then immersed in the extract for 14 days. The observed parameters comprised leukocyte differential, clinical signs, and water quality, all of which were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by an LSD test (p < 0.05). The findings indicated that methomyl exposure led to an increase in monocytes while reducing lymphocyte levels. Immersed in 40 ppm extract for 14 days provided the best results by decreasing monocytes (4.00%), as well as increasing lymphocytes (82.00%) and hemoglobin levels to near normal. It was concluded that kremah leaf extract effectively mitigates oxidative stress and genetic damage caused by methomyl, with an optimal dose of 40 ppm for 14 days.
Trophic Structure and Vulnerability of Fish Species Exploited by Bottom Gillnet in the Coastal Waters of Lambur Luar Village, Jambi, Indonesia
Small-scale fisheries in coastal areas utilize various fishing gears, including bottom gillnet, which can catch fish species with different trophic levels. Fishing activities may influence the trophic structure of fish communities and the vulnerability of species to exploitation. This study aimed to analyze the trophic structure, vulnerability level, conservation status based on the IUCN Red List, and Mean Trophic Level (MTL) of fish species caught using bottom gillnet in the coastal waters of Lambur Luar Village, Tanjung Jabung Timur Regency. The study used a survey method with data collected through direct observation of fishermen's catches. Data analysis included catch species composition, trophic level values ​​obtained from the FishBase database, vulnerability analysis of each species, identification of IUCN conservation status, and calculation of Mean Trophic Level (MTL) based on the proportion of catch composition. The results showed that the catches consisted of 20 species, with trophic groups dominated by mesopredators (50%) and top predators (25%), while omnivores and herbivores were found in smaller proportions. Vulnerability analysis indicated that most species were categorized as having low to moderate vulnerability, although several species showed high vulnerability to fishing pressure. Based on the IUCN Red List, most species were classified as Least Concern (LC). The calculated Mean Trophic Level (MTL) was 3.2, indicating that the catches were dominated by mid-level carnivorous fish species.
Study of the Presence of Streptococcosis in Tilapia Cultivation in Banyumas Regency
Tilapia is the most widely cultivated fish in Banyumas which is susceptible to bacterial diseases caused by the increasing number of disease cases in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) due to high cultivation intensification. One of the diseases that often attacks is streptococcosis caused by the bacteria Streptococcus sp., which can cause mass mortality and major economic losses for farmers. The purpose of this study was to identify pathogenic bacteria in farmed tilapia in Banyumas. The method used in this study was a purposive sampling method, namely by taking samples of tilapia that have characteristics of disease symptoms such as protruding eyes, damaged fins, and red wounds on the scales from three locations, namely Beji Village, Karangsalam Village, and Pasir Wetan Village. Bacterial samples were obtained from four organs, namely the brain, kidneys, eyes, and liver, then observed the morphology of bacterial colonies and Gram KOH tests were carried out. The results showed that bacterial colonies found in most organs were round to irregular in shape, white to yellowish in color, and Gram positive, which shows the characteristics of Streptococcus sp. bacteria. Based on these results, it can be concluded that Streptococcus sp. bacteria are still the main threat in tilapia cultivation in Banyumas, so it is necessary to take preventive measures through the implementation of good biosecurity, the use of immunostimulants, and the development of vaccines to maintain the sustainability of tilapia cultivation businesses, especially in Banyumas Regency.
Identification and Characterization of Fungi Associated with Shrimp from Whiteleg Shrimp Ponds in East Java
Fungal infections in shrimp are one of the main challenges in shrimp farming activities that have the potential to reduce productivity levels and crop quality. Fungi are known as opportunistic microorganisms that can cause serious problems, especially when pond environmental conditions are not supportive. Fungal attacks generally occur when shrimp experience physiological stress due to temperature fluctuations, changes in salinity, decreased water quality, or excessively high stocking densities. This study was conducted to identify and characterize the types of fungi associated with shrimp ponds in three main cultivation areas in East Java, namely Banyuwangi, Jember, and Gresik. The fungal isolation process was carried out using Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) media and incubated at 27°C. Morphological identification was carried out by observing the characteristics of colonies, the shape and color of hyphae, and the structure of conidia. The results of the observations obtained were 6 fungal isolates divided into two main groups, namely yeast including Candida sp., Rhodotorula sp., and Brettanomyces sp. The most commonly found mold species were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Aspergillus niger. The results of this study demonstrate the potential of fungal probiotics in shrimp farming ecosystems and serve as a basis for developing disease prevention strategies for whiteleg shrimp in East Java's shrimp ponds.
Isolation and Molecular Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria in Giant Gourami (Osphronemus gouramy) Cultivated in Tamansari and Singasari Villages, Banyumas Regency
Giant gourami (Osphronemus gouramy) is a freshwater fishery commodity with high economic value and is widely cultivated in Banyumas Regency. However, the emergence of diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria often becomes an obstacle in cultivation activities because it can reduce the survival rate and productivity of fish. This study aims to identify the types of pathogenic bacteria found in gouramy fish raised in Tamansari and Singasari Villages, Banyumas Regency. The research method was carried out by taking liver samples of gouramy fish which were then isolated on TSA media. Identification was carried out based on the morphological characteristics of bacterial colonies, the Gram KOH test, and molecular identification. The results showed that from both locations, several bacterial isolates were obtained with similar colony morphological characteristics, namely round (circular), small size, smooth edges, smooth surface, and cream color. The results of the Gram KOH test showed that all isolates were Gram-negative bacteria. Based on these characteristics, the isolates have similarities with the genus Acinetobacter which is often found as an opportunistic bacteria in freshwater fish. The results of molecular identification also showed that the bacteria obtained from the cultivated gouramy fish were Acinetobacter sp. This study provides a preliminary overview of the presence of opportunistic bacteria such as Acinetobacter sp., which have the potential to become pathogens in gourami when water quality conditions are unstable.
Characterization and Inventory of Ectoparasites in Cultivated Fish at the Aquaculture Technology Development Center (BPTPB) Cangkringan, Sleman, Special Region of Yogyakarta
Fish farming has increased significantly compared to capture fisheries due to overfishing and the excessive exploitation of wild fish resources. However, the intensification of aquaculture systems is often followed by the emergence of various diseases, including ectoparasite infestations. Ectoparasites are important pathogens that can reduce fish productivity and health status. Their presence may cause clinical symptoms such as wounds and hemorrhages on the skin and gills, respiratory disorders, abnormal swimming behavior, and even mortality in fish. This study aimed to identify and inventory the types of ectoparasites infesting cultured fish at the Center for Aquaculture Technology Development (BPTPB) Cangkringan, Sleman, Special Region of Yogyakarta, and to determine their prevalence and intensity levels. The research applied a descriptive method through field observations and microscopic examinations, with scraping techniques performed on the skin, fins, and gills of fish. A total of 85 fish samples were examined, consisting of tilapia (n=20), carp (n=21), koi (n=24), and catfish (n=20). The results revealed six ectoparasite taxa infecting cultured fish: Trichodina, Gyrodactylus, Dactylogyrus, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Myxobolus, and Epistylis. Among these, Trichodina showed the highest prevalence and intensity, reaching 100% prevalence with an intensity of 840.5 parasite individuals per fish. In contrast, the lowest values were recorded for Gyrodactylus, with a prevalence of 4.76% and an intensity of 1 parasite individual per fish. These findings indicate the need for effective fish health management and parasite control strategies to prevent infections that may reduce aquaculture productivity.
Development of a Community-Based Sustainable Coral Reef Ecosystem Conservation Model through the Integration of Local Wisdom and Scientific Approaches in North Lombok Regency
Coral reef ecosystems in North Lombok Regency are increasingly threatened by overfishing, destructive practices, pollution, and climate change, despite their vital role in supporting biodiversity and coastal livelihoods. This study aims to identify and analyze the ecological, socio-economic conditions, and local wisdom of coastal communities in the development of a community-based sustainable marine conservation model in North Lombok Regency. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling on 50 respondents consisting of fishermen, marine tourism operators, and coastal communities involved in the utilization of marine resources. Data collection methods included field surveys, coral reef condition observations, water quality parameter measurements, and the distribution of questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Data analysis used a quantitative and qualitative descriptive approach integrated into the formulation of a conceptual model. The results showed that (1) live coral cover was in the good category, ranging from 60 to 70%, and was supported by relatively stable water quality parameters, (2) the community had a high level of economic dependence on marine resources, (3) local wisdom such as Awig-awig still plays a role in regulating resource use, but has not been systematically integrated with a scientific approach, and (4) the development of a conservation model that integrates quantitative biophysical data with social legitimacy based on local wisdom within the village institutional framework is considered feasible to implement. This model emphasizes the importance of community participation, regional policy support, technical assistance, and conservation-based economic incentives to ensure ecosystem sustainability and the welfare of coastal communities.
Lalu Achmad Tan Tilar Wangsajati Sukmaring Kalih
Cover, Editorial Boards, Table of Contents
Effect of Different Salinity on Growth and Survival of Mud Crab (Scylla serrata)
Mud crab (Scylla serrata) is a group of crustaceans that live in mangrove and estuarine ecosystems. Mud crab have potential with high economic value and have a lot of interest from local and international communities because they have very high nutritional value. In cultivation activities, one of the factors that affect the growth and survival of mud crab is water quality. One of the most important water quality parameters in mud crab cultivation is salinity. Salinity is a water quality parameter that has a limiting factor on the metabolic and physiological conditions of mud crab. This study aims to determine the effect of different salinities on the growth and survival of mud crab (Scylla serrata). The method used in this study is an experimental method with a complete randomized design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments and 3 replicates, namely P1: 5 g L-1, P2: 10 g L-1, P3: 15 g L-1, P4: 20 g L-1 and K (control): 28 g L-1. The results showed that the best mud crab growth was in the 15 g L-1 salinity treatment, the value obtained in absolute weight growth of 12.33 ± 4.93 g, the specific weight growth rate value of 0.28 ± 0.10%/day with a survival rate of 100%. It can be concluded that different salinity treatments have a significant effect on the growth and survival of mud crab.
The Effect of Citrit Acid-Glucose NADES Ratio on Young Avicennia marina Leaf Extract
Mangrove ecosystems are widely acknowledged as valuable natural sources of bioactive compounds with potential applications in functional food and pharmaceutical industries. Avicennia marina leaves, in particular, contain diverse secondary metabolites; however, the efficiency of their extraction is strongly influenced by solvent type and polarity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different ratios of citric acid–glucose-based natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) on extraction yield, pH, and phytochemical profile of young A. marina leaf extracts. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was applied, consisting of four treatments of citric acid:glucose ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4) with four replications. Extraction was performed at 50°C for 60 minutes using a material-to-solvent ratio of 1:20 (w/v). The findings indicated that increasing the proportion of citric acid in the NADES formulation significantly enhanced extraction yield, with the highest yield (20.40%) obtained at the 4:1 ratio. The extract pH ranged from 1.79 to 1.88 and decreased as the citric acid proportion increased. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids, while saponins, steroids, and terpenoids were not detected. Overall, these results demonstrate that citric acid–glucose-based NADES serve as an effective green solvent system for extracting polar bioactive compounds from young A. marina leaves.
The Effectiveness of Halymenia durvillei Extract as Antibacterial Agent Against Fish Pathogenic Bacteria In Vitro
The use of antibiotics in aquaculture has raised serious concerns regarding the emergence of bacterial resistance and adverse environmental impacts. Red seaweed (Halymenia durvillei) is known to contain bioactive secondary metabolites with potential antibacterial properties. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of ethanol extract of H. durvillei against four fish pathogenic bacteria, namely Edwardsiella tarda, Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas salmonicida, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, using agar well diffusion and broth microdilution assays. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design consisting of five extract concentrations (100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, and 12.5%) with five replications. The results showed that E. tarda exhibited the largest inhibition zone (16.2 mm) at 100% extract concentration, followed by A. salmonicida (10.8 mm) and A. hydrophila (10.4 mm). In contrast, V. parahaemolyticus did not produce an inhibition zone in the agar diffusion assay. The broth microdilution test revealed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of 25% and 50%, respectively, for all tested bacteria. The red seaweed extract demonstrated both bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity, indicating its potential as a natural antibacterial alternative for disease control in aquaculture.
Water Resource Management Strategy for the Development of Ecotourism in Lake Seran, Banjarbaru Based on Micmac Strategic Variable Typology Analysis
Tourism has great potential to drive economic growth and act as a catalyst for the development of other sectors, and one promising destination in Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, is Danau Seran, a notable example of transformation from a former mining site operated by PT Galuh Cempaka into a nature-based tourist attraction offering activities such as boating, fishing, and enjoying scenic views. This study aims to formulate a sustainable water resource management strategy to support ecotourism development at Lake Seran, Banjarbaru, using a typology analysis of strategic variables through the MICMAC method. Water resource management in this area is challenging because Lake Seran was formed from a former mining area. The approach used in this study is a prospective structural analysis with in-depth interviews and MICMAC software input to analyze the relationship between variables that influence water management and ecotourism development. The results show that variables such as water quality, land status, and waste management are the main priorities in current management, while tourism policy and product development will be the focus in the future. These findings provide direction for policymakers to design management strategies that are more responsive to changing priorities and evolving dynamics. In conclusion, managing Lake Seran as a sustainable ecotourism destination requires special attention to interacting variables, with a focus on nature conservation and local community empowerment.
Immunostimulatory Potential of Dietary Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) Powder Combined with Probiotics in Nile Tilapia Infected with Aeromonas hydrophila
Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS) caused by Aeromonas hydrophila, is a major bacterial disease in Nile tilapia aquaculture and result in substantial production losses. The excessive use of antibiotics for disease control has raised concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance and environmental contamination, thereby necessitating safer and more sustainable alternatives. This study evaluated the immunostimulatory effect of dietary supplementation with citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) powder combined with probiotics on Nile tilapia challenged with MAS. A completely randomized design was employed using four dietary treatments: a basal diet without supplementation and three experimental diets supplemented with 15 mL of probiotics and citronella powder at doses of 7.5, 10, or 12.5 g per kg of diet (PC-7.5, PC-10, or PC-12.5). Fish were fed the experimental diets for 14 days prior to challenge with A. hydrophila (107 CFU/mL), followed by a post-challenge recovery period. Recovery rate, survival rate, and hematological parameters were assessed. The result indicated that dietary supplementation, particularly PC-7.5, tended to improve recovery and survival rates, although these differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). In contrast, hematological parameters were significantly influenced by the dietary treatments (P < 0.05), with PC-7.5 diet producing higher hematocrit, hemoglobin, and leukocyte values, as well as faster hematological recovery following infection. These findings suggest that dietary supplementation with 7.5 g of citronella powder per kg of diet combined with 15 mL probiotics effectively enhances immune response and support disease resistance in Nile tilapia, representing a promising and environmentally friendly strategy for MAS control in aquaculture.
Application of Different Feeding Rate to the Growth and Survival Rate of Garra rufa
Garra rufa fish from the Cyprinidae family are known as "doctor fish" in the context of health tourism due to their use as an alternative medicine to help cure various skin diseases. Garra rufa are benthic fish or freshwater bottom dwellers that naturally live in rocky rivers and feed on microscopic organisms. Garra rufa culture in Indonesia is still limited due to the lack of technical information regarding cultivation aspects such as water quality management, feeding, and maintenance techniques. The purpose of this activity is to determine the Garra rufa culture techniques with different feeding rate on their growth and survival rate. The method applied in this research was a descriptive experimental method using two different percentages of feeding rate, namely 3% and 5% of the fish's body weight, kept in an aquarium for 21 days. The parameters observed were growth and survival rate. The results obtained were Garra rufa maintained with a 5% feeding rate had higher growth but were not more efficient when viewed from their higher FCR values. The survival of both feeding rate treatments was at high figures, namely 87% and 95%.
Optimizing Binder Type and Concentration to Enhance Stability and Acceptability of Pasta Feed for Swamp Eel (Monopterus albus)
Feed stability is a crucial factor in aquaculture, as it affects both the physical integrity of the feed and its acceptance by aquatic species. For Monopterus albus (swamp eel), maintaining feed stability while ensuring palatability is vital for optimal growth and health. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different binder types and concentrations on the stability and acceptability of pasta feed for Monopterus albus (swamp eel). Seven binders—gelatin, gluten, CMC, chitosan, alginate, guargum, and carrageenan—were tested at 0%, 10%, 15%, and 20% concentrations using a completely randomized design. Feed disintegration and breakdown times, along with feeding behavior, were analyzed using non-parametric tests. Gelatin, CMC, and chitosan significantly improved feed stability (p < 0.05), maintaining cohesion for over 40 minutes. Gelatin at 10% concentration yielded optimal results, balancing water resistance and palatability. Behavioral observations showed that gelatin-based feeds were most preferred, with increased feeding frequency and consumption. When combined with natural attractants such as worms and snails, gelatin feeds enhanced intake rates. These outcomes indicate that protein-based binders, particularly gelatin, offer superior mechanical and nutritional advantages compared to polysaccharide alternatives. Gelatin’s dual role as a binder and nutritional enhancer provides a promising strategy for sustainable aquaculture feed development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Fish Health
Effectiveness of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) Leaf Extract on Growth and Meat Quality of Farmed Fish: A Review
Aquaculture continues to expand globally, requiring natural and sustainable feed additives to enhance fish growth and meat quality. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) leaf extract contains diverse bioactive compounds, including cinnamaldehyde, flavonoids, polyphenols, and terpenoids, which possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, and growth-promoting properties. This review aims to summarize scientific evidence on the effectiveness of cinnamon leaf extract in improving growth performance and meat quality of farmed fish. A systematic literature review was conducted by analyzing 41 scientific publications obtained from Google Scholar, ProQuest, and Elsevier. The reviewed studies consistently showed that supplementation of cinnamon leaf extract or powder at doses ranging from 0.25–1% in fish feed enhances growth parameters such as Specific Growth Rate, feed efficiency, protein retention, and biomass in species including barramundi, Nile tilapia, common carp, and striped catfish. In addition, the extract significantly improves meat quality by reducing body and meat fat content, enhancing texture, increasing protein levels, and improving sensory attributes such as taste and fillet color. These improvements are attributed to the metabolic, antioxidant, and lipid-modulating mechanisms of the phytochemicals present in cinnamon leaves. Overall, cinnamon leaf extract demonstrates strong potential as a natural, environmentally friendly feed additive that supports both productivity and product quality in modern aquaculture systems.
Utilization of Eucheuma cottonii Meal as a Functional Feed Additive for Improving Pigmentation, Health, and Growth in Ornamental Goldfish (Carrasius auratus)
Color enhancement in ornamental fish is an essential quality parameter that directly influences market value and consumer preference. Natural pigments derived from marine resources, such as seaweed, offer a sustainable alternative to synthetic color enhancers. This study aimed to determine the effect of seaweed meal (Eucheuma cottonii) on the color brightness of goldfish (Carassius auratus). Goldfish used had an initial weight of 10.12 ± 0.06 g and an initial length of 5.08 ± 0.02 cm. Fish were fed using the ad libitum method three times daily with four feed treatments: P1 (Control), P2 (4 g seaweed meal), P3 (8 g seaweed meal), and P4 (12 g seaweed meal). The study was conducted for 45 days to evaluate growth performance and color characteristics. A completely randomized design with four treatments and three replications was applied. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA at a 95% confidence level (p < 0.05). Results showed that the addition of seaweed meal significantly influenced the red hue variable in goldfish. Brightness showed no significant difference among treatments, with the highest value in P4 (55.88%) and the lowest in P3 (52.68%). The red hue differed significantly, with the highest value in P3 (16.96%) and the lowest in P1 (9.13%). The yellow hue showed no significant difference, with values ranging from 36.68% (P1) to 38.43% (P2). Overall, supplementation with 8 g of seaweed meal effectively enhanced the visual red hue of goldfish.
Culture of Chaetoceros calcitrans as Natural Feed for Mytilopsis adamsi Cultivation at National Research and Innovation Agency, North Lombok
This study was conducted to explore the culture technique of Chaetoceros calcitrans as a natural feed and its role in supporting the maintenance of the brown mussel (Mytilopsis adamsi). The microalga was chosen because it provides essential nutrients such as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates that are important for the growth of aquatic organisms. The work took place over one month, from May 6 to June 4, 2025, at the National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), North Lombok. The culture followed a stepwise approach, starting with sterilization of equipment and media, the addition of KW21 fertilizer and silicate, inoculation with five-day-old seed cultures, daily maintenance, and cell density monitoring. The observations showed that C. calcitrans density rose steadily from the first day and peaked on day 5 at 4,020,000 cells/ml, before declining by day 7. This trend reflects the typical growth phases of microalgae, from lag and exponential to stationary and death phases. Feeding trials involved offering C. calcitrans to brown mussels twice daily at a dose of 500 ml each time. The results indicated consistent weight gain across all replicates, although growth levels varied among treatments. Overall, the study confirms that stepwise culture with appropriate nutrient supply and water quality management can produce C. calcitrans at optimal densities. Its application as a natural feed also provides measurable benefits for the growth of brown mussels in culture systems.
The Effect of Crude Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Leaf Extract on Pseudomonas fluorescens Bacteria In Vitro
Cultivation activities often experience obstacles due to bacterial disease attacks, one of which is caused by P. fluorescens bacteria. Commercial treatment efforts include the use of antibiotics, but this can cause bacterial resistance. Therefore, an alternative treatment that is more environmentally friendly but can still be used as medicine is needed, namely the use of natural ingredients such as jackfruit (A. heterophyllus) leaves. This study aims to determine the effect of crude jackfruit (A. heterophyllus) leaf extract on P. fluorescens bacteria in vitro. This study used an experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments, 2 controls, and 3 replications. The control treatment consisted of a positive control (Tetracycline 30 ppm), and a negative control (only using disc paper), as well as 5 different extract dose treatments, namely treatment A (60 ppm), treatment B (120 ppm), treatment C (180 ppm), treatment D (240 ppm) and treatment E (300 ppm). The results of the study showed that the use of crude jackfruit (A. heterophyllus) leaf extract affected P. fluorescens bacteria. The relationship between the use of crude jackfruit (A. heterophyllus) leaf extract with different doses and the resulting inhibition zone showed a quadratic regression pattern with the equation y = -0.0001x2 + 0.05x + 6.327.
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Leaf
Application of Black Turmeric Rhizome (Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb) Ethanol Extract to Treat Aeromonas hydrophila Infection in Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
Aeromonas hydrophila is a pathogenic bacterium that frequently attacks, causes death, and harms catfish farmers. The continuous use of antibiotics for disease control has been shown to have negative impacts on pathogenic bacterial resistance, antibiotic residues in fish, aquatic environmental pollution, food safety, and causes allergies in human consumers. The use of phytopharmaceuticals is known to be more environmentally friendly and sustainable because they contain active compounds that are more easily degraded, thus leaving no synthetic antibiotic residues in fish tissues and water. This research aimed to determine the effect of black turmeric (Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb) rhizome ethanol extract on treating A. hydrophila infection in catfish. Fish were raised for 14 days. For the first seven days, they were kept under normal conditions. On day 7, the fish were infected with A. hydrophila. On day 8, the diseased fish were immersed in black turmeric rhizome ethanol extract. The experiment used group randomized design with treatment of control or without black turmeric extract (BT0), 35 mg/L, 40 mg/L and 45 mg/L black turmeric extract (BT35, BT40, and BT45). The result showed that treatments were not significantly different (P>0,05) on recovery rate, survival rate, and WBC, but significantly different in hematocrit percentage (P<0,05). The highest of fish recovery rate and survival rate (100%) were obtained in BT40. This research concluded that immersion dosage of 40 mg/L black turmeric rhizome ethanol extract could treating catfish infected with A. hydrophila.
The Influence of Government Assistance in Increasing the Income of Small-Scale Fishery Product Processing Business in Kendari City
The objective of this study was to identify and analyze the impact of financial capital assistance, technological assistance and business development assistance of government on small-scale fishery product processing income in Kendari City. Determining the sample using the purposive sampling method from 81 populations of small-scale fishery product processing business actors, it was determined that there were 8 business actors who received financial capital assistance, 10 business actors who received technological assistance and 12 business actors who received business development assistance. The data collection methods used in this experiment were questionnaires and interviews. Data analysis used multiple linear regression analysis. The results found that (1) financial capital assistance, technological assistance and business development assistance had a positive and significant effect on income levels, (2) financial capital assistance had a positive and significant effect on income levels, (3) technological assistance had a positive and significant effect on income level, and (4) business development assistance had a positive and significant effect on income level. Financial capital and technological assistance must be accompanied by coaching and mentoring, for business development and sustainability.
Species Composition and Catch Rate of Cast Net Fisheries in Kerinci Lake, Jambi
Capture fisheries in inland waters play a vital role in supporting food security and the economy of the community, including fishermen in Lake Kerinci who utilize cast nets as an economical and effective fishing gear. However, scientific information on catch composition, catch rates, and technical factors influencing the productivity of this gear is still limited. The purpose of this study was to analyze catch composition, catch rates, and factors influencing catch yields from cast nets in Lake Kerinci, Kerinci Regency, Jambi. The study was conducted from June 29 – August 7, 2025, using a survey method through participatory observation and interviews with 17 fishermen using cast nets, with a total of 34 data collection trips. Data collected included fish species, weight and number of catches, fishing duration, number of casts, and gear dimensions, then analyzed descriptively and using multiple linear regression. The results showed that the catch composition consisted of 162 tilapia (84.49% of the total weight) and 39 Nile tilapia (15.51%). The average catch rate of the throw nets reached 1.74 kg/hour, with the highest value for tilapia at 2.94 kg/hour. Regression analysis results showed that fishing duration, number of throws, and gear dimensions had no significant effect on catch results (p>0.05). It can be concluded that the throw nets in Lake Kerinci predominantly catch tilapia, while technical factors of the gear are not the main determinants of catch results. Environmental conditions and fish stock availability are suspected to have a greater influence on catch results.
Ammonia and Nitrite Control Techniques in Vannamei Shrimp Cultivation Media at PT. Panen Berkat Sejahtera Bersama (PBSB) Sambelia, East Lombok
Intensive cultivation of vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) requires good water quality management to support the growth, health, and survival of the shrimp. This research was conducted at PT. Panen Berkat Sejahtera Bersama (PBSB), East Lombok, for 25 days (April 9–May 3, 2025) with the aim of determining the control techniques for ammonia (NH₃) and nitrite (NO₂) in the cultivation media. The method used was descriptive with primary data collection through observation, active participation, interviews, and field documentation, as well as secondary data from company archives and related literature. The water quality management techniques applied included siphoning the pond bottom, waste disposal through a central drain system, and the use of Aquastar Pond probiotics. The water quality parameters observed included ammonia, nitrite, dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, and pH. The results showed that ammonia levels were stable at 0.0000 mg/L and nitrite was in the range of 0.007–0.059 mg/L, remaining within safe limits for whiteleg shrimp. DO, salinity, and pH parameters were also within optimal ranges, supporting metabolism, osmoregulatory balance, and nitrifying microbial activity. The application of siphoning techniques, waste disposal, and probiotics has proven effective in maintaining stable water quality and creating optimal cultivation conditions for the growth and health of vannamei shrimp.
Characteristics of Mudgrovel Crabs Caught Using Trap Fishing Gear in Lambur Luar Village, Muara Sabak Timur District
Mangrove crabs are a type of crustacean that lives in mangrove and estuary ecosystems. one of the freshwater fishery products that have high economic value that are often caught in Lambur Luar Village using trap fishing gear. Purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of mangrove crabs caught using traps in Lambur Luar Village, Jambi Province. This study was conducted from February 1-16, 2025. The research method used was a census, with data collection techniques using probability sampling. The data observed included the type of mangrove crab, weight, carapace length, carapace width, and sex. Differences in weight, length, and carapace width of mangrove crabs were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Duncan's test at a significance level of 5%. The results showed that there were three species of mangrove crabs caught, namely Scylla serrata, Scylla olivacea, and Scylla tranquebarica. After ANOVA test and Duncan's further test, it was found that the carapace length between Scylla serrata, Scylla olivacea, and Scylla tranquebarica was significantly different (p≤0.05). while the carapace width and weight were not significantly different (p>0.05). Variations sex ratio in the Scylla serrata species were (0.78:0.22) and Scylla tranquebarica (0.67:0.33), indicating that the male population was more dominant in these two species. While the Scylla olivacea species, the sex ratio was almost balanced, namely (0.51:0.49). The conclusion of this study is that the characteristics of mangrove crabs differ between males and females, and there are significant differences in carapace length between mangrove crab species found in Lambur Luar Village.
Evaluation of Alginate Use as an Immunostimulant in Litopenaeus vannamei Shrimp Aquaculture (Review)
The Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is one of the most important species in global aquaculture but remains highly vulnerable to bacterial, viral, and environmental stressors. Conventional reliance on antibiotics and chemicals has raised concerns over resistance and sustainability, underscoring the need for eco-friendly alternatives. Alginate, a natural polysaccharide extracted from brown seaweeds such as Sargassum, has emerged as a promising immunostimulant and functional feed additive. Experimental studies show that alginate supplementation enhances non-specific immune responses, including total haemocyte count, phenoloxidase, superoxide dismutase, phagocytic activity, and total plasma protein. At the molecular level, alginate upregulates immune-related genes (e.g., Toll, LGBP, proPO), resulting in higher resistance against Vibrio spp. and White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV). In addition, low molecular weight sodium alginate improves antioxidant activity and stress tolerance under cadmium exposure, while dietary supplementation supports growth performance and feed utilization. From a sustainability perspective, converting Sargassum biomass into alginate aligns with circular economy principles by transforming an abundant, underutilized seaweed into high-value aquafeed additives. This reduces dependency on antibiotics and synthetic chemicals while generating added value for coastal communities. Overall, alginate represents a multifunctional and cost-effective strategy to strengthen shrimp immunity, enhance resilience to pathogens and stressors, and promote environmentally responsible aquaculture production.
Hematological Parameters and Growth Performance of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fed Fermented Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Leaf Extract
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the most important aquaculture species worldwide, but intensive farming has increased susceptibility to bacterial infections, particularly Aeromonas hydrophila, which threatens productivity and survival. This study evaluated fermented papaya (Carica papaya L.) leaf extract (FPLE) as a natural immunostimulant and sustainable alternative to antibiotics in Nile tilapia culture. A 45-day feeding trial was conducted using a completely randomized design with five treatments (0, 16, 18, and 20 mL FPLE/kg feed) and three replicates. Hematological, immunological, growth, and bacterial resistance parameters were analyzed. Results showed that supplementation with 20 mL/kg FPLE significantly increased post-infection leukocyte counts (2.82×10⁴ vs. 2.40×10⁴ cells/mm³), phagocytic activity (46.26% vs. 39.51%), and erythrocyte levels (5.85×10⁶ vs. 5.25×10⁶ cells/mm³). Differential leukocyte analysis revealed lymphocyte dominance (90.33%) and elevated monocytes (13.33%), indicating enhanced adaptive and nonspecific immunity. In addition, total bacterial load decreased by 22.4%, and specific growth rate improved (4.34% vs. 4.22%/day), while water quality remained within optimal ranges. The synergistic effects of papaya-derived bioactive compounds and Lactobacillus casei probiotics from Yakult likely contributed to immune enhancement and nutrient absorption. FPLE supplementation at 20 mL/kg optimized immunostimulation without compromising survival (77–84%), demonstrating its dual role in disease prevention and growth promotion. These findings highlight FPLE as a safe, eco-friendly feed additive with strong potential for reducing antibiotic dependence and supporting sustainable tilapia aquaculture.