J-AGENT (Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Technology)
J-AGENT (Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Technology) is a scientific journal that publishes research results in the field of agricultural engineering and technology. J-AGENT's scope includes: agricultural environmental engineering and conservation, agricultural tools and machinery, bioprocess engineering, new renewable energy, agricultural information technology, smart agriculture and other related fields related to agro-industrial technology. This journal is published by the Faculty of Food Technology and Agroindustry, University of Mataram. Articles published on J-AGENT can be written in 2 languages, namely Indonesian or English. J-AGENT (Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Technology) is published 4 times a year in January-March, April-June, July-September, and October-December (1 volume, 4 issues).
Fakultas Teknologi Pangan & Agroindustri
The Nutrient Flow Rate in The NFT Hydroponic System With Variations in The Gutter Slope
One of the most popular hydroponic systems is Nutrient Film Technique (NFT). This system allows planting plants without using soil media. The aim of this study is to know the effect of talang tilt variations on the speed of nutrient flow in the NFT hydroponic system and to know the impact of talang tilt variations on the growth and yield of lettuce plants in the NFT hydroponic system. The research method used is an experimental method by comparing various variations in the slope of the chamfer in the NFT hydroponic system, with the pipe tilt factor (T) ie T1=0.85%, T2=1.28%, T3=1.71%. The parameters measured are nutrient flow velocity, plant growth, plant wet weight, growth index. The results of the study, namely variations in the slope of the gutter in the NFT hydroponic system, affect the speed of nutrient flow and growth of lettuce plants. A slope of 1.71% produces the best plant height, wet weight and growth efficiency with the highest growth index. Overall, steeper slopes increase plant height growth, wet weight, and growth index.
gutter slope; lettuce; nutrient flow rate
Copyright (c) 2025 J-AGENT (Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Technology)
Design of a Drip Iirrigation System using Soil Moisture Sensor SEN0308 based on ESP32 Microcontroller
Automation in the field of agriculture is increasingly developing alongside the advancement of technology. This research aims to design and develop an automatic drip irrigation system using the SEN0308 soil moisture sensor controlled by an ESP32 microcontroller. The research method employed is an experimental approach, where the system is designed to detect soil moisture and perform irrigation automatically based on the data received. The system not only detects soil moisture and performs automatic watering as a parameter but also measures air temperature (°C), air humidity (%), and soil temperature (°C) for 1 day at 10-minute intervals. The SEN0308 soil moisture sensor operates optimally; when the soil moisture level drops below 21%, the servo opens to initiate irrigation and closes again when the moisture level reaches 43% or higher. The lowest air temperature occurred at 4:36 AM, which was 24°C, with a humidity of 81.96%. The highest air temperature occurred at 2:18 PM, which was 52.56°C, with a humidity of 23.1%. The highest ground temperature was recorded at 4:18 PM 31°C, and the lowest at 6:57 AM, which was 23.38°C. The automatic drip irrigation system based on the ESP32 microcontroller has been successfully designed and can efficiently manage irrigation scheduling, thus reducing dependence on manual intervention in the plant watering process. This system offers a practical solution for improved irrigation management in the agricultural sector.
Utility of NPK Fertilizer in The Growth of Bok Choy (Brassica Rapa L.) Using a Sprinkler Irrigation System
Fertilization is one of the critical aspects of vegetable cultivation techniques. NPK fertilizer is a complete compound fertilizer suitable for plant fertilization. This study aims to determine the growth responses of bok choy plants to the use of NPK fertilizer and to determine the level of uniformity of distribution of sprinkler irrigation water in supporting the growth of bok choy plants. The experimental method tests the effect of NPK fertilizer with various doses in each treatment and water distribution uniformity to support plant growth. The parameters observed in this study were uniformity coefficient, height of plants, number of leaves, and physical properties of the soil. The average value of the uniformity coefficient of water distribution was 89,85%. The height growth of bok choy plants in P2 treatment at 30 days after planting was 25.1 cm, while the number of leaves in P2 treatment at 30 days after planting was 14 strands. Using a sprinkler irrigation system, bok choy plants responded well to P2 treatment (7 grams of NPK + 1 liter of water).
bok choy plants; NPK; sprinkler irrigation
Increasing Water Efficiency Through Drip Irrigation Systems and Mulch Application on the Growth of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) in Dryland
The use of water with drip irrigation systems in agriculture is very effective and efficient. Drip irrigation is generally used for high economic value crops, including cauliflower. The purpose of the study was to determine the efficiency of water in agriculture through drip irrigation systems and the application of mulch to the growth of cauliflower. The method used was experimental method by observing the growth of cauliflower plants. The parameters observed were soil physical properties, water discharge, plant water requirements, emitter uniformity, water storage height, drip irrigation efficiency, and plant growth. The results showed an average water discharge of 0.0149 l/sec. The plant water requirement in the middle period was 0.1294 liters/day/plant, and the final period was 0.1120 liters/day/plant. Emitter uniformity obtained an average value of Emission Uniformity (EU) of 82.12%. The best plant growth was found in the 60th observation, with an average plant height of 17.85 cm, an average number of leaves of 21.9 strands, and the best- wet weight of 631.4 gram. Drip irrigation efficiency amounted to 81.26%. The efficiency of drip irrigation in this study can be said to be effective and efficient because the water needs of cauliflower plants are met. Plastic mulch has a good effect on the growth of cauliflower plants in dryland.
cauliflower; drip irrigation; efficiency; plastic mulch
Study of Heat Supply in Taro Tuber Drying Process (Colocasia Esculenta (L.)) Using a Rack Type Dryer
The rack type dryer is one of the artificial drying technologies for drying agricultural products. The drying process is highly dependent on the provision of heat. The purpose of this study was to determine the available temperature in the combustion chamber, the temperature generated in the drying chamber, the temperature in the heat conducting medium, and the outlet temperature in the taro tuber drying process using a rack type dryer. The method used in this research is experimental which is carried out in the laboratory of power and agricultural machinery. This test was conducted using a rack type dryer with taro tuber material. The number of shelves in the dryer is 8 shelves, consisting of 4 shelves on the left and 4 shelves on the right. The thickness of the sliced material is ±1 mm which will be dried with a temperature range of 40-45oC until it reaches a constant material moisture content. In the drying process, taro slices were placed one by one without stacking on each shelf. The parameters observed were heat energy, heat supply to the drying chamber, the amount of heat in the heat conducting medium, heat loss and the amount of heat given to the drying chamber. The results showed that the average temperature available in the combustion chamber of the rack type dryer with coconut shell fuel is 92.39oC with the energy generated from combustion of 78,260kJ and a combustion rate of 1.97 kJ/s, and the average temperature in the drying chamber of 39.58oC. The average temperature on the heat conducting medium of the rack-type dryer on the inside and the pipe wall is 56.68oC and 50.87oC and the average outlet temperature of the rack-type dryer is 33.53oC.
heat conductor; rack type dryer; taro tubers; temperature
Work Analysis of Garbage Chopping Machine Type Gx_200 in Processing Palm Frond Shredded Waste
Aren (Arenga pinnata) is one of the plants that has a high ecological function value and is easily cultivated to support the community's economy. Almost all parts of the aren palm tree can be useful for various needs. Meanwhile, the palm fronds have not been utilized until now. Therefore, the fronds that are not utilized will become garbage or waste, one of which needs to be handled, namely by utilizing them as an alternative for making planting media and compost fertilizer, thus the need for a tool or chopping machine to facilitate the chopping process. The purpose of this study is to determine the performance of the machine, the actual capacity of the machine and the efficiency of the machine. The method used in this research is experimental by making direct observations, tests and measurements with 3 treatments with a mass of material as much as 100 grams, 150 grams, and 200 grams. The measured research parameters are the actual capacity of the machine, the power requirements of the chopper, the torque rotation speed, the performance of the chopping machine, and the efficiency of the chopping machine. The results of the research in measuring the performance of the machine show that the average value of the actual capacity of the machine is 2004.78 grams / hour, the torque rotation speed is 9.34 Nm, the power requirement is 0.978 watts, the chopping yield is 49.69%, the percentage of chopped length is 96.41%, fuel consumption is 49.7, and the highest machine efficiency is 49.7%, the highest treatment value is at a material weight of 200 grams. The performance of the waste chopping machine on the shredded palm fronds, the machine used is still not optimal so that it needs to improve its performance in order to work optimally, the actual capacity of the waste chopping machine is able to produce 2004.78 grams per hour, the highest machine performance efficiency is found in the weight of 200 grams of material with an average value of 49.7%.
chopping machine; machine testing; sugar palm frond waste
Analysis of the characteristics of briquettes made from a combination of corn stalk (Zea mays L.) and coconut shell (Cocos nucifera L.) Waste
Energy consumption in Indonesia continues to increase due to the rising population and economic activities. Energy consumption in Indonesia has been increasing by an average of 7-8% per year over the past decade. Therefore, alternative renewable energy sources are needed to reduce the use of non-renewable fossil fuels. Briquettes are one form of alternative fuel that is becoming increasingly popular in Indonesia, especially as a solution to reduce fossil fuel consumption. This study uses a briquette made from a mixture of corn stalks and coconut shell with tapioca flour as a binder. This research aims to determine the characteristics and the durability of the briquettes, as well as the optimal composition in making briquettes from corn stalk and coconut shell waste. In this study, four variants are used: R1 = 100% corn stalk, R2 = 70% corn stalk and 30% coconut shell, R3 = 50% corn stalk and 50% coconut shell, R4 = 30% corn stalk and 70% coconut shell. The tested parameters include moisture content, ash content, calorific value, temperature, and combustion rate. The results of the analysis are measured against SNI criteria, where all variants meet the criteria for moisture content testing, but for ash content and calorific value testing, only two variants meet the criteria, namely R3 and R4. Variant R2 shows the best durability and combustion temperature, while in the combustion rate test, variant R4 shows the best combustion rate. In conclusion, briquettes made from a mixture of corn stalk and coconut shell waste have different characteristics depending on the percentage of the mixture used. The durability of the briquettes follows the amount of the dominant material between corn stalks and coconut shells. Adding 50% coconut shell results in the most suitable composition for making briquettes from a combination of corn stalk and coconut shell waste, which meets the SNI standards for charcoal briquettes.
briquettes; characteristics; combination; corn stalk
Characteristics of Cocoa Powder (Theobroma Cacao L.) During Storage Using Aluminum Foil Standing Pouch Packaging
Storing harvests is a very important stage after obtaining sufficient harvests. Storage plays an important role in the durability of products or food ingredients. This research aims to determine the characteristics of chocolate/cocoa powder during storage using aluminum foil standing pouch packaging at various storage room temperatures. The method used in this research is an experimental method and is followed by data testing using ANOVA. The parameters used include water content, weight loss and color chromosity. Based on research that has been conducted, the water content of chocolate powder during storage experiences increases and decreases in water content. The average moisture content of chocolate powder stored in boxes was 5.50%, in the room 5.38%, and in the refrigerator 5.19%. The weight loss of chocolate powder during storage experienced an irregular increase and decrease in weight loss so that the storage location and storage time affected the weight loss value of chocolate powder. The colors L, a, and b for the storage place show insignificant results or have no effect while the storage time shows significant results on the values ​​of L, a and b.
colo; storage; water content; weight loss
Modeling and Simulation of Growth of Pagoda Sawi Plant (Brassica narinosa L.) with Hydroponic System in Plant Factory
Pagoda mustard plant (Brassica narinosa L.) is one type of mustard vegetable that has high economic value. This study aims to analyze the effect of environmental variables on the growth of pagoda mustard greens (Brassica narinosa L.) in a plant factory-based hydroponic system and build a mathematical model of plant growth using simple linear regression and polynomial regression approaches. This research was conducted for 30 days of planting period. Environmental variables observed included temperature, light intensity, humidity, pH, nutrient content, and EC, while plant growth variables consisted of plant height, number of leaves, canopy area and wet weight. The main treatment was a variation of irradiation duration, namely 8 hours (RAK 1), 13 hours (RAK 2), and 18 hours (RAK 3). The analysis showed that all environmental variables influenced the growth of pagoda mustard plants. Model validation was conducted using the coefficient of determination (R2) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The third order polynomial regression model provides the best prediction results with the highest R2 value reaching 0.985 and the lowest RMSE of 0.0889 in RAK 1, R2 of 0.989 and RMSE of 0.176 in RAK 2, and R2 of 0.99 and RMSE of 0.129 for plant height parameters. From the results, RAK 3 showed the highest productivity based on plant wet weight. The developed model has the potential to be used as a growth prediction tool in modern precision cultivation systems.
hydroponics; pagoda mustard; plant factory; polynomial regression
Calibration of SEN0308 Soil Moisture Sensor for Moisture Monitoring in Vertisol Soil
The SEN0308 soil moisture sensor uses the capacitive sensing principle to detect soil moisture by measuring its dielectric constant. This study aims to calibrate the SEN0308 sensor, evaluate its accuracy, and measure the moisture content of vertisol soil. The experimental method was used to compare soil moisture values in the form of ADC values with laboratory measurements. The measured parameters include soil moisture content and sensor calibration. The calibration process involved creating equations and coefficients of determination using Microsoft Excel, which was then implemented in a programming language to convert ADC values into soil moisture percentages. The calibration results showed that sample A experienced dry conditions with an actual moisture content of 12%, with ADC values for sensors I -VI being 2020, 2067, 2081, 2001, 1994, and 2109, respectively. On the other hand, sample G, adding 1500 ml of water, obtained an actual moisture content of 53% with ADC values for sensors I -VI of 164, 157, 200, 190, 208, and 167, respectively. When the calibration process of the SEN0308 soil moisture sensor has been completed, the sensor can measure the moisture content in the soil in percentage (%) format. Each SEN0308 soil moisture sensor has undergone an accuracy measurement using a non-linear regression analysis with a logarithmic (ln) approach, which results in a relationship between the coefficient of determination and the correlation value that is very good.
“PE hose” drip irrigation technology for bok choy (Brassica rapa L.) plant culture using plastic mulch in drylands
Lack of water in the phase of plant growth and development will cause productivity and quality in bok choy plants to decrease. Cultivation of bok choy plants in dryland drip irrigation technology using the PE (Polyethylene) hose is a solution to streamline water application. This study aims to determine the effect of water application using drip irrigation technology on bok choy plant growth, determine the amount of water application using drip irrigation, and determine the effect of using plastic mulch on bok choy plant growth. The method used is an experimental method with an experiment of giving water using drip irrigation to bok choy plants and combined with the use of plastic mulch. The parameters observed in this study were soil physical properties, the emission uniformity, water discharge, plant water requirements, and plant growth. The results showed that the average water discharge distributed was 0.04074 l/sec. The emission uniformity obtained an average value of Emission Uniformity (EU) of 88.36%. The plant water requirement for the middle period was 0.0128 liters/day/plant, and the final period was 0.0142 liters/day/plant. The best plant growth was found in the 15th observation, with an average plant height of 15.57 cm, an average number of leaves of 14.9 strands, and an average fresh weight of 148.1 grams. The application of the drip irrigation system as a water delivery tool has a good impact on plants. Watering using drip irrigation can save water expenditure and get good results. The use of plastic mulch can help the photosynthesis process on the leaves through the reflection of sunlight.
bok choy plants; drip irrigation; PE hose; plastic mulch, water
Analysis Characteristics of Bamboo Brickets (Bambusoideae) Using Organic Based Adhesive
Energy is the largest consumption at the end of 2020 and early 2021, this causes oil reserves to run low. This encourages us to look for new alternatives using charcoal briquette biomass. This research aims to analyze the characteristics of bamboo briquettes that use organic-based adhesives as an alternative renewable energy and use non-food-based adhesives to minimize the use of food ingredients as adhesives. Briquettes are made from bamboo waste with waru leaf adhesive and tapioca flour with an adhesive composition of P1 (100:0%), P2 (75:25%), and P3 (50:50%). Tests were carried out on density, calorific value, water content, ash content and combustion power. The results show that the adhesive composition influences the characteristics of the briquettes. The heating value obtained at P1 was 5999.33cal/gram, P25832.67, P3 5995.00cal/gram, the highest value was obtained at P1 and the lowest value was at P2, the density value obtained at P1 was 0.55〖gram/cm〗^3, at P2 0.58〖gram/cm〗^3, P3 value 0.50〖gram/cm〗^3 the highest value at P2 and the lowest at P3. The water content value at P1 is 6.62%, P2 7.2%, P3 4.62%, the lowest water content value is at P3 and the highest value is at P2. The combustion power value at P1 is 0.19 grams/minute, P2 is 0.17 grams/minute, P3 is 015 grams/minute, the highest value is at P1 and the lowest is at P3. As well as the ash content value at P1 0.31%, P2 0.33%, P3 0.28%, the highest value at P2 and the lowest value at P3. The results of statistical analysis using ANOVA show that the adhesive composition significantly influences most of the parameters tested, except heating value and density. The conclusion obtained is that the calorific value, water content and ash content are in accordance with SNI-6235-2000 except density.
adhevise; bamboo briquettes; hibiscus leaves
The drip irrigation automation design using the servo motor
The decreasing availability of water encourages the use of high-efficiency irrigation systems. The manual drip irrigation system still uses human labour, making it less effective. For that an automation system in the drip irrigation system is needed. The purpose of this research is to design a drip irrigation automation system using a servo motor as an actuator, determine the response of the servo motor to the parameters received, and determine the accuracy of the servo motor rotation. The experimental method used in this research is to design an automatic drip irrigation system using a servo motor with soil moisture level treatment. Tests were conducted at three different soil moisture levels, namely 23%, 26%, and 28%, with a lower limit of ≤22%. The parameters observed are the servo motor rotation, soil moisture, and the movement of the servo motor. Based on the tests, the servo motor can open and close the tap according to the specified lower and upper limit treatment. The upper limit of 23% servo motor on and off process occurred 16 times each, the upper limit of 26% 10 times each and the upper limit of 28% 5 times each. Testing the accuracy of the servo motor rotation angle is also carried out with an accuracy value of 97.1% and an error value of 2.9%.
automation; drip irrigation; servo motor; soil moisture
Effectiveness of Water Use on The Growth of Grand Rapid Lettuce Plants (Lactuca Sativa L.) in an Artificial Light Vertical Hydroponic System
Artificial light vertical hydroponics is the cultivation of plants without soil with artificial lighting. This system is suitable for limited land, such as urban environments. The effectiveness of water use in vertical hydroponics depends on the regulation of environmental factors such as lighting. This research aims to determine the most productive water supply in the growth of grand rapid lettuce plants using a vertical artificial light hydroponic system, observe and evaluate optimal growth of grand rapid lettuce plants, and analyze the value of water requirements for grand rapid lettuce plants. Research using experimental methods with several treatments, namely H0: Greenhouse hydroponics, H1: Hydroponics with intermittent pumps, and H2: Hydroponics with full water pumps. The parameters observed include temperature, humidity, nutrient solution, plant growth, evapotranspiration, flow rate, electrical energy consumption and water productivity. Research results: Temperature and humidity in greenhouses are higher than indoor verticals. The pH, TDS and EC of the three treatments H0, H1 and H2 did not differ much. The average flow rate for H1 treatment was 44.667 ml/second, H2 was 44.667 ml/second and H0 was 237.333 ml/second. The water requirement in treatment H1 is 11.64 liters, H2 is 19.15 liters while H0 is 26.18 liters. Electrical energy consumption in the greenhouse is 20.97 kWh, full indoor vertical (H2) is 16.17 kWh while intermittent indoor vertical (H1) is 8.08 kWh. Water productivity in treatment H1 was 20.44 kg/m3, H2 was 11.40 kg/m3, and in H0 was 0.25 kg/m3. Each treatment showed a significant effect on the number of leaves, root length, canopy area and total plant fresh weight.
grand rapid lettuce; indoor vertical; water use
Plant factory Design For Red Spinach (Amaranthus Tricolor L.) Plant Growth Using Artificial Light
This study aims to test the structural and functional design of the plant factory and to determine the growth of red spinach (Amaranthus Tricolor L.). This study used an experimental method with the treatment of lamp height distance L1 (20 cm), L2 (40 cm), and L3 (60 cm) on plant response with a sample size of 4 in each treatment every day for 30 days. The parameters observed included uniformity of drops (EU), flow rate, plant height, number of leaves, leaf width, microclimate and soil moisture. In addition, observations of plant responses and microclimate were also carried out in the greenhouse planting room. The results of the (EU) values obtained were very good based on ASAE information, the flow rate values obtained were different, this was caused by the distance of the water source to the irrigation channel being different and causing the flow rate in the 1st row irrigation channel to be slightly slower compared to the 2nd and 3rd row irrigation channels. The response of red spinach plants in the plant factory planting room was superior to the L1 treatment, but the response of plants in the greenhouse was higher. The average temperature per day in the plant factory ranged from 28.57 ° C - 30.97 ° C, the average temperature per day in the greenhouse planting room ranged from 27.07 ℃, the average humidity per day in the plant factory planting room ranged from 78% - 91%, the average humidity per day in the greenhouse planting room ranged from 69% - 91%. The light intensity in the plant factory ranged from 1616.16 lx - 2626.56 lx, the soil moisture value obtained ranged from 44% - 86%. Based on the results of the study, the L1 treatment produced the most optimal growth response of red spinach plants in the plant factory.
Growth Analysis of Bok Choy (Brassica rapa L.) Plant on Urea Fertilizer Application Using Sprinkler Irrigation System
Sprinkler irrigation is one of the methods where water is applied by spraying water into the air and falling like rainwater, allowing it to avoid surface flow. This study aims to analyze the growth response of bok choy (Brassica rapa L.) plants to the dosing of urea fertilizer and determine how the effect of water application through the sprinkler irrigation system on the growth of bok choy (Brassica rapa L.) plants. The method used is an experimental method using a group randomized design (RAK) and analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and an experiment to calculate the uniformity of sprinkler irrigation water distribution. The parameters observed in this study were water discharge, water uniformity (CU), plant growth, and soil physical properties. The results showed that the average value of water discharge was 3.27 l/s, the average value of water distribution water uniformity was 88,02%, and the value of the beam distance was 2.47 m. The growth of bok choy plants responded quite well on the 30th day by giving 1 gram of urea + 200 ml of water to sprinkler irrigation systems.
bok choy plant; sprinkler irrigation; water distribution
Design and Construction of A Non-Thermal System Based on High Pulsed Electric Fields Using Flyback TV
Food safety is a critical issue that requires innovative technology to reduce pathogenic microorganisms without compromising nutritional quality. Therefore, this study aims to design and test a High Pulsed Electric Field (HPEF) system using a TV flyback transformer as a high-voltage source. The study also aims to determine the output voltage and the effectiveness of the device in generating an electric field for non-thermal processes. The HPEF device was designed using key components such as a TV flyback transformer, transistor, relay, capacitor, and a 12V adapter. The observed parameters included structural and functional analysis of the device, covering dimensions, input power, working processes, and output voltage. Output voltage measurements were conducted using a digital multimeter and a voltage divider resistor to ensure safe and accurate readings. The results showed that the designed device was capable of generating an average output voltage of 3,133.64 VDC. The device dimensions were 30 cm in length, 20 cm in width, and 10 cm in height, with optimal performance achieved based on the configured circuit design. The high voltage generated was stable and sufficient to create the electric field needed for non-thermal processes. In conclusion, the HPEF device designed using a TV flyback transformer successfully generated stable high voltage at an economical cost. This technology provides an effective alternative solution for non-thermal pasteurization, preserving nutritional quality while enhancing food safety.
high voltage; HPEF; non-thermal; system design
The Influence of Nutrition on The Growth of Red Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Olga Red) Using The Tower Technique Aeroponic System Application
The conversion of agricultural land into settlements, industrial factories, and public facilities is a phenomenon that occurs yearly. For narrow yards, it is recommended to use a verticulture system by developing an agricultural system from conventional habits to a hydroponic planting system that can be applied vertically. This study aimed to determine the effect of various nutrients on the growth of red lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L. var. Olga Red). The research method used in this research is an experimental method with three aeroponic installations and three different types of nutrients (ordinary water, rice washing water, and AB Mix) by conducting direct analysis in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Food Technology and Agroindustry, University of Mataram. The parameters observed were plant water requirements, nutrients (temperature, pH and concentration), and plant response (number of leaves, root length, plant height, and wet weight of plants). The results of observations are analyzed statistically using Microsoft Excel, and displayed in tables and graphs. The results showed that the value of the water needs of the middle period plants was 26,116 liters/day, and the final period was 48,36 liters/day.The measurement result of acidity (pH) is 6,68 - 9,18. The temperature on the installation is 26°C - 34°C while the temperature outside the installation reaches 26°C-38°C. The highest light intensity occurs in the placement of the thermometer at the top of the installation. It was concluded that adequate nutrition, temperature and shade would affect the red lettuce plant’s productivity quite well, with repeated nutrition twice in ten days.
nutrients; red lettuce; temperature; tower technique
Utilization of Kitchen Waste as Liquid Organic Fertilizer (POC) in Floating Hydroponic Systems in Anizel Crusaster (Lactuca sativa L Batvia Lettuce)
Organic waste from households can have added value if it is used as solid and liquid organic fertilizer for plant nutrition in hydroponic systems. The high price of AB Mix fertilizer increases production costs, so innovation is needed as an alternative to nutrients for hydroponic plants. Liquid Organic Fertilizer (POC) is one of the alternatives offered to solve this problem. This study aims to determine the content contained in POC kitchen waste and determine the growth of lettuce plants on hydroponic floating rafts with the application of kitchen waste as POC. This research method uses experimental methods. With nutrient parameters NPK, BOD, COD, pH, temperature, concentration of solution and plant response. The results showed that the NPK content of solid kitchen waste was 0.02% N content, 0.06% P content, 0.07% K content, while the BOD content was 1,476.00 mg/L, and 4,800.00 mg/L COD. After being given liquid organic fertilizer with several concentrations of 50%, 60%, 70%, the 50% concentration treatment gave the best effect on the parameters of plant height, number of leaves, leaf width, and wet weight on lettuce plants with a height of 8.2 cm, width 4.5 cm, 8 leaves and a wet weight of up to 13.79 g.
fermentation; floating raft; kitchen waste; lettuce
Analysis of Liquid Smoke Production From Corn Stem Agricultural Waste Using Pyrolyzer
The pyrolysis process can convert agricultural waste into materials that have a selling value with better conversion. One of the results of this pyrolysis process is liquid smoke, which is the result of condensation of combustion vapor. Liquid smoke from corn stalks contains organic compounds that can inhibit the growth of Colletorichum sp fungi which can cause anthracnose disease if grown on red chili plants. The purpose of this study was to analyze the production of liquid smoke and determine the performance of the liquid smoke pyrolyzer and the yield of liquid smoke production produced from corn stalk waste. The research method used is the experimental method. In this study, the pyrolysis process was carried out for 6 hours using a fire furnace and the weight of corn stalk waste raw material was 15 kg. The volume of liquid smoke produced was 0.4 L with the highest temperature obtained at 370˚C. The performance of the corn stalk waste-based liquid smoke production tool obtained through calculations was 0.056 kg / hour. The yield of liquid smoke production produced was 2.44%.
Design and Construction of Micro Hydro Power Plant (PLTMH) Floating System
Energy is a resource that can be used to carry out various activity processes, including fuel, electricity, mechanical energy and heat. This research aims to design and build a floating system Micro Hydro Power Plant (PLTMH) and determine the specifications of the components used in a floating system Micro Hydro Power Plant (PLTMH). The research method used to test this problem is an experimental method by designing a floating system Micro Hydro Power Plant (PLTMH) and testing the results of the power plant design. The initial design carried out is designing the tool, determining the size of each part of the tool and determining the components that will be used in the design of the floating system Micro Hydro Power Plant (PLTMH). The parameters used include turbine planning, pulley and belt transmission, generator, shaft, bearings and floats. The floating system Micro Hydro Power Plant (PLTMH) was successfully designed with the maximum power produced when the turbine uses curved blades of 8.13 mW with an actual average turbine rotation speed of 81.2 rpm and dimensions of 140 cm long, 60 cm wide and height 60 cm. The generator installed on this tool, type SF46B-5, can produce 5 – 20 watts of power with a rotation speed of 100 – 2000 rpm. The type of belt used is the belt attached to the sewing machine. The slip test on this tool shows that the slip value when using a flat blade is 22%. When using a curved blade it is, 18.21%. When using a bowl blade, it is 23.69%.
design; energy; irrigation channels; tools; water
Analysis of Smoke Cleanliness in Waste Incinerator Chimneys For Environmental at The Faculty of Food Technology and Agroindustry Universitas of Mataram
Waste is the remainder of daily human activities from natural processes in solid form. Burning waste is an alternative step in waste management, in large quantities and in a relatively short time. This research aims to determine the quality of smoke from burning waste in the environment using a waste incinerator machine. The method is carried out by burning organic with nozzle opening in each 1 nozzle 10 minutes 1, 2 nozzle 10 minutes 2 and 3 nozzle 10 minutes 3 waste to analyze air and smoke quality. The analysis was carried out directly at the Faculty of Food Technology and Agroindustry, University of Mataram, supported by tools such as thermocouples, air quality monitoring tools, CO2 sensors, stopwatches, and scales. The research parameters used are air quality, environmental pollution, smoke cleanliness and smoke content. The results of the analysis of 1 nozzle, 2 nozzle, and 3 nozzle are depicted in each percentage graph. The air quality average value 165 mg/m3. Air pollution average value is 577 ppm. The average smoke cleanliness level is 994 ppm. TVOC smoke content 200 mg/m3. It can be concluded that in each test, various factors influence the results. The factors that influence air quality do not have a big influence, because the more nozzle used, the better the air will be produced.
Design of Internet Things (Iot) Based Temperature Control System on Pagoda Mustard (Brassica Narinosa L.) in Plant Factory
A plant factory is a closed cultivation system that requires optimal microclimate control, particularly temperature. This study aims to design and implement an Internet of Things (IoT)-based temperature control system to support the growth of pagoda mustard (Brassica narinosa L.). Sensor calibration showed high accuracy, with a MAPE value below 2%. The system is built using an ESP8266 microcontroller, DHT22 and LDR sensors, and an exhaust fan that is automatically controlled. The fan activates when the temperature exceeds 30 ℃ and turns off when it falls below 30 ℃. Environmental data is displayed via the MQTT Dashboard and recorded in Google Sheets. During 30 days of testing with measurements taken three times a day, the system maintained an average temperature within the optimal range of 28–30 ℃. The system effectively stabilizes the growing environment and positively impacts plant development. Future development of this system could focus on integrating a cooling mechanism to ensure the temperature consistently meets the optimal conditions for plant growth.
ESP8266; IoT; pagoda mustard; plant factory; temperature
The Effect of Packaging Type During Storage on The Quality of Cocoa Powder (Theobroma Cacao L.) With The Addition of Active Ingredients (Silica Gel)
Cocoa powder is a product of cocoa cakes which are converted into powder. Cocoa powder packaging to prevent or reduce product damage. This research aims to determine the characteristics of cocoa powder regarding the type of packaging during storage with the addition of active ingredients (Silica gel). The research method used was experimental, with parameters of water content, weight loss and color. Research data is displayed in graphs and tables using the ANOVA test. This research used three types of packaging, namely super clear standing pouch, kraft standing pouch and vacuum embossed plastic. Based on research that has been conducted, the longer chocolate powder is stored, the more water it absorbs from the environment. The lowest water content was obtained in the packaging treatment using vacuum embossed plastic with the addition of silica gel, namely 4.85%. The weight loss of chocolate powder experiences irregular increases and decreases due to loss of water from the material through evaporation, tasnspiration and respiration processes. The colors L, a and b show that the results do not have a significant effect on the type of packaging during storage, while the storage time has a significant effect during storage of chocolate powder.
Cocoa powder, packaging type, silica gel, storage
Technical and Economic Analysis of Turmeric (Curcuma Domestica Val.) Drying Using a Tray Dryer
Turmeric (Curcuma domestica Val.) is one of the medicinal plant species that is widely needed by humans. Turmeric is usually used fresh. Turmeric is a plant with a short shelf life due to its high water content, which can trigger microbial growth if not used immediately. Therefore, drying is carried out using a tray dryer to inhibit the growth of microorganisms in turmeric. This study aims to analyze the technical and economic aspects of drying turmeric (Curcuma domestica Val.) using a tray dryer. The method used in this study is an experimental method, namely by collecting data directly obtained from drying turmeric (Curcuma domestica Val.) using a tray dryer with a temperature treatment of 45-50°C and a temperature of 55-60°C. The results of drying turmeric with a tray dryer show that the higher the temperature, the faster the water content of the material decreases per unit time so that the yield percentage will also be lower. From the results of the financial analysis calculations on both temperature treatments, the B/C Ratio results were 3 and 3.4, the Net Present Value (NPV) was Rp. 76,494, the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) was 9.95%, the Break Event Point (BEP) was 12.97 kg/year and 19.50 kg/year. In this situation, the income generated exceeded the total costs incurred, thus obtaining large profits, and the economic efficiency value of the two temperature treatments using the tray dryer was obtained at 120.04% and 105.28%. So from the financial economic side, drying turmeric (curcuma domestica val.) using the tray dryer is feasible.
cost analysi; drying; rack type dryer; turmeric
Performance Test of Salt Production Equipment Using The Biomass Energy-Based Steam Distillation Method
Salt is one of the basic needs and important goods, salt production is also a source of income for people in coastal areas. Salt can also be used in industries such as making caustic soda, sodium soda ash and other productions. The purpose of this study is to determine the performance test on a salt production distiller. Measuring the effectiveness of using biomass energy in the steam distillation process. Analyzing the advantages and challenges in implementing this technology in Pemokog Village. This research method uses a distiller to produce salt. The parameters measured in this study are temperature, mass rate of steam production, evaporation energy, evaporation effectiveness, salt content, water volume. Based on the results of a careful temperature study, namely, environmental temperature, water temperature, wall temperature, room temperature, salt content with an initial salinity of 0.35%, in the calculation of the steam mass rate of 0.4416 kg / hour, evaporation energy of 47,832 Kj, energy produced 145,000 Kj and evaporation effectiveness of 32.98%. With this research, it can be an alternative for the community to produce salt.
distillation method; salt; salt production
Internet of Things (IoT) Usage for Automatic Monitoring and Control of Air Temperature and Humidity in a Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus Ostreatus) House
Temperature and air humidity are environmental factors that significantly influence the growth of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) inside a mushroom house. This research aim to utilize an Internet of Things (IoT)-based monitoring and control system. This system is designed to monitor and control the temperature and humidity in the mushroom house using an SHT10 sensor, a relay to operate an exhaust fan, an Arduino to process sensor readings and control the relay, and a Wemos D1 Mini as a Wi-Fi module to connect the system to the IoT platform, namely Cayenne. The research employs an experimental method of monitoring the temperature and humidity in the mushroom house, developing an IoT-based control system program, testing the system, and collecting data. The parameters used in this study include: Air temperature and humidity and automatic air temperature and humidity control system. In this study, the set points are a temperature range of 29°C–30°C and a humidity range of 80%–90% inside the mushroom house. Based on the monitoring results, the highest temperature occurred at 12:40 PM Central Indonesia Time (WITA) with a reading of 29°C, while the lowest temperature was recorded at 4:20 AM WITA with a reading of 24.1°C. The highest humidity was observed at 8:15 AM WITA with a value of 92.5%, while the lowest humidity was recorded at 2:25 PM WITA with a value of 79.5%. According to the program settings, when the temperature is ≥30°C and humidity is ≤80%, the system successfully activated the exhaust fan and water pump at 2:25 PM WITA.
cayenne; internet of things; mushroom house; oyster mushroom
Response Of Pakcoy Plant Growth (Brassica Rapa L.) To Cold Temperatures in The Root Area with a Vertical Hydroponic System
Vertical hydroponic cultivation is an efficient solution for limited land, but suboptimal rooting temperatures can inhibit plant growth. This study aims to analyze the effect of cold temperatures in the root zone on the growth of bok choy in a vertical hydroponic system. The study was an experimental study using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatments: cold temperature, control temperature, and greenhouse temperature, conducted for 30 days. Each treatment consisted of four towers, where each tower consisted of 6 bok choy plants, resulting in a total of 72 bok choy plants. Observed parameters included plant height, number of leaves, root length, as well as climate and water media conditions. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD (α=0.05). The cold temperature treatment produced the best growth with plant heights ranging from 23.5 cm to 26.9 cm and leaf numbers ranging from 15-18, significantly higher than the control and greenhouse (p<0.05). The highest root lengths found in the greenhouse ranged from 22.6 cm to 32.8 cm, likely due to physiological adaptation. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between treatments (F=24.087 for plant height and F=18.390 for leaf number). Cool temperatures (18-28°C) in the root zone significantly increased vegetative growth of bok choy in vertical hydroponic systems. These findings support the development of hydroponic cultivation techniques with temperature control for yield optimization.
anova; cold temperature; pakcoy; roots; vertical hydroponics
Technical and Economic Analysis of Mulberry Leaf Drying for Herbal Tea Using a Rack-Type Dryer
The mulberry plant (Morus alba) is one type of medicinal plant, especially its leaves, which can be used to treat diabetes.The objectives of this study are to conduct a technical analysis of mulberry leaf drying, to perform an economic analysis of the drying process, and to determine the feasibility of using a rack-type dryer. The research method used in this study is an experimental method conducted both in the field and in the laboratory. Testing was carried out using an oven and a rack-type dryer. The material used was mulberry leaves, dried at two temperature ranges: T1 = 40ºC–45ºC and T2 = 50ºC–55ºC. The parameters used in the technical analysis include temperature, humidity, moisture content, drying capacity, fuel consumption, yield, and equipment efficiency. Meanwhile, the parameters used in the economic analysis include Break-Even Point (BEP), Benefit-Cost Ratio (B/C), Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Cost of Goods Manufactured (COGM). The results of drying mulberry leaves using a rack-type dryer show that the higher the airflow velocity, the higher the temperature; and the higher the temperature, the faster the moisture content decreases per unit of time, resulting in a lower percentage of yield. Based on the economic analysis calculations, the Break-Even Point at 40°C–45°C and 50°C–55°C was 55,446 units/year and 56,478 units/year, respectively. The Net Present Value was positive or greater than zero at Rp 17,926,924, the Internal Rate of Return was 39%, and the B/C Ratio was 1.7, which is greater than 1. Thus, based on the economic analysis, drying mulberry leaves using a rack-type dryer is considered feasible.
drying; mulberry; tea; technical and economic analysis
Pengaruh Suhu Pengeringan Terhadap Mutu Teh Daun Ubi Jalar (Impomoea Batatas L)
Sweet potato leaves (Ipomoea batatas L) are agricultural waste that are rich in benefits and can be processed into functional foods such as herbal tea. Drying sweet potato leaves is a solution to reduce water content and meet the quality standards of herbal tea, namely with a maximum water content of 8% (SNI No. 1. 3836. 2013). This study aims to analyze the effect of temperature and drying time on the quality of sweet potato leaf green tea. The drying tool used in this study is a rack-type dryer. The research method uses an experimental method. The temperatures used in this study are 40-45℃ and 50-55℃. The parameters used include water content, weight loss, color and aroma. Based on the results of the study, the best reduction in water content of sweet potato leaf tea is at a temperature of 50-55℃ with a reduction in water content of 7.016%. The best reduction in drying weight loss is at a temperature of 50-55℃ with a weight loss of 85.73%. The color of the dried sweet potato tea leaves produced was yellowish green a* (-11.91) and b* (21.50333). While the color of the sweet potato leaf tea brew was yellow b* (74.32). Temperature did not affect the organoleptic of the hedonic aroma method because F-count < F-table and V-palue value > α value.
sweet potato leaves, rack type dryer, temperature