J-AGENT (Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Technology)
J-AGENT (Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Technology) is a scientific journal that publishes research results in the field of agricultural engineering and technology. J-AGENT's scope includes: agricultural environmental engineering and conservation, agricultural tools and machinery, bioprocess engineering, new renewable energy, agricultural information technology, smart agriculture and other related fields related to agro-industrial technology. This journal is published by the Faculty of Food Technology and Agroindustry, University of Mataram. Articles published on J-AGENT can be written in 2 languages, namely Indonesian or English. J-AGENT (Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Technology) is published 4 times a year in January-March, April-June, July-September, and October-December (1 volume, 4 issues).
Fakultas Teknologi Pangan & Agroindustri
Analysis of Biogas Production from Organic Waste and Cow Dung Using Mass Balance Approach
Garbage and organic waste are common problems for humans and the environment, currently the management of organic waste and waste has not been carried out properly and is still dominated by disposing of it in the open field or burning it. Garbage and organic waste have the potential to be utilized, one of which is as a material for making biogas. The purpose of this study is to determine the mass balance and the difference in mass balance of biogas production using organic waste and cow dung. The research method used is the experimental method by conducting direct experiments in the field. Some parameters in this study are environmental conditions such as pH, temperature, humidity, retention time, microbial growth requirements and biogas volume. The results of the study are from each total of 2000 kg of organic waste material and cow dung mixed with water, the total slurry that comes out is 498.5 kg of cow dung and 530.5 kg of organic waste. The incoming material from cow dung and organic waste is not balanced with the mass produced due to high mass loss during the process.
Copyright (c) 2026 J-AGENT (Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Technology)
Utilization of Cow Dung Waste and Organic Waste in Biogas Production Using A Fixed Dome Type Glass Fiber Digester
Cow dung and organic waste are pollutants that will damage the environment, so they must be utilized as a renewable energy source. One of the technologies that can manage waste and waste into energy is biodigester. This study aims to determine the results of biogas from cow dung and organic waste and the character and energy produced. The method used is experimental with direct measurement in the field. The parameters measured include digester temperature, CO2, CH4, pressure, flame, and fire color. Data analysis was conducted using mathematical and multicriteria methods. Two treatments were used cow dung mixed with water, and organic waste mixed with water. The results showed that cow dung produced the highest reactor temperature of 35.9°C and the maximum methane of 10,000 moles. The lowest CO2 in cow dung was 996 ppm, with a pressure of 0.08 atm. The flame appeared with a dominant blue color. Organic waste produced the highest reactor temperature of 34.3°C and a stable methane of 10,000 moles. The lowest CO2 was 1014 ppm with a pressure of 0.06 atm. The flame appeared with a dominant blue color. Cow dung is slightly faster and more efficient at producing biogas from waste.
Analysis of electrical energy requirements from solar panels based on the Internet of Things (IoT) on a Solar Dryer Dome in coffee drying
Electricity plays a crucial role in supporting agricultural technology, particularly in the development of solar dryer domes for coffee drying that utilise solar panels as a renewable energy source. To ensure optimal operation, an analysis of energy requirements based on the Internet of Things (IoT) is required so that energy availability can be monitored in real time. This study aims to analyse the electrical energy required of solar panels in a solar dryer dome with an IoT-based monitoring system. The experimental method was conducted for 7 days in Persil Hamlet, Karang Sidemen Village, Central Lombok, utilising a PZEM-017 sensor connected to ESP32, LCD 16×2 I2C, SD card, and the ThingSpeak platform. Parameters observed included voltage, current, power, and electrical energy recorded every 10 minutes. The results showed voltage ranging from 10.82–14.39 V, current 2.52–3.17 A, peak power 43.6 W, and daily energy 315–550 Wh, totalling of 3,155 Wh over 7 days. The energy demand of four DC fans was only 241 Wh/day, indicating that the panel provided more than sufficient energy. The IoT-based system with ESP32 and PZEM-017 effectively provided real-time data on solar panel performance and energy efficiency during the coffee drying process
Application Of Gompertz And Logistic Models In Predicting Height Growth Of Pakcoy (Brassica Rapa L.) Plants In Vertical Hydroponic Systems
This study aimed to model and predict the height growth of pakcoy plants (Brassica rapa L.) in a vertical hydroponic system using the Gompertz and Logistic mathematical models. The research was conducted over 30 days with two environmental treatments, namely inside a greenhouse and outside the greenhouse (control). The main parameter observed was plant height, with supporting parameters including temperature, humidity, light intensity, and nutrient requirements (PPM). Growth data were analyzed using the Gompertz and Logistic equations with parameter estimation through Excel Solver, and evaluated using the coefficient of determination (R²) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The results showed that the Gompertz model had better accuracy compared to the Logistic model in both treatments. In the greenhouse treatment, the Gompertz model produced an R² value of 0.99 with a MAPE of 8.46%, whereas the Logistic model had an R² of 0.97 with a MAPE of 9.82%. In the control treatment, the Gompertz model also showed the best performance with an R² of 0.995 and a MAPE of 2.43%. Therefore, the Gompertz model is more suitable for predicting the growth of pakcoy plant height in vertical hydroponic systems.
Gompertz Model, Logistic Model, Pakcoy, Plant growth, Vertical hydroponics
Heat Energy Requirement Analysis In Coffee Bean Drying Using An IoT-Based Solar Dryer Dome
Coffee is one of Indonesia’s leading plantation commodities, including in Central Lombok Regency, which has a high production potential. The drying process is a crucial post-harvest stage to maintain coffee bean quality by reducing the moisture content to the ideal range of 12–13% according to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). However, traditional sun drying methods are highly weather-dependent and often reduce product quality. This study aims to analyze the heat energy requirements, drying efficiency, and the role of latent heat during the coffee bean drying process using an IoT-based Solar Dryer Dome. The research employed an experimental method with solar radiation and forced convection drying systems equipped with SHT31, BH1750, DS18B20, and Soil Moisture SEN0308 sensors, controlled by an ESP32 microcontroller integrated with the ThingSpeak platform. The results showed that the total incoming heat energy was 191.426,568 MJ, useful heat energy 31.321,9808 MJ, heat losses 190.020,549 MJ, and stored heat 1.405,9742 MJ. The drying efficiency reached 16.36%, with the moisture content decreasing from 65.32% to 11.16%. Part of the absorbed energy was used as latent heat of vaporization to convert water within the coffee beans into vapor, while the release of this latent heat contributed to the increase in outlet air temperature. The IoT-based Solar Dryer Dome effectively accelerated the drying process, maintained coffee bean quality, and enabled real-time monitoring of drying conditions.
coffee beans, drying efficiency, heat energy, internet of things, solar dryer dome
Design And Implementation Of A Machine To Separate Coconut Meat (Cocos nucifera L.) From The Shell
Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is a commodity with high economic value that is widely processed on a home industry scale. The process of separating coconut meat from the shell is generally still done manually, making it less efficient and risking injury. This study aims to design and implement a coconut meat separator machine to increase the efficiency and productivity of coconut processing on a home industry scale. The research method uses an experimental approach through the stages of design, manufacture, and testing of machine performance. The machine is designed with a 6.5 HP gasoline engine, an A-75 type V-belt transmission system, a round steel shaft (iron axle) with a diameter of 1 inch and ½ inch, UCP 206-20 bearings, and a gearbox with a ratio of 1:60. Tests were conducted at two variations of rotation speed, namely 1057 rpm and 3290 rpm. The results showed that the separation capacity increased at a speed of 1057 rpm, the separation capacity reached 64 pieces/hour with a work efficiency of 64%, while at a speed of 3290 rpm it increased to 82 pieces/hour with an efficiency of 82%. As a comparison, the manual method was only able to separate 74 pieces/hour with a work efficiency of 74%. Thus, increasing the machine rotation speed has a positive effect on the capacity and separation efficiency compared to the manual method. However, increasing the speed has an effect on the decrease in the separation success rate from 67% to 56%, as well as an increase in the level of coconut meat damage from 33% to 44%. Fuel consumption is also higher at low speeds of 1057 rpm, namely 1.40 L/hour compared to high speeds of 3290 rpm (0.92 L/hour). The results of this study indicate that the machine is able to significantly increase the capacity and work efficiency, with recommendations for optimizing the blade design and operating speed to reduce product damage.
Design and Development of a Smart Climate Monitoring System for Pakcoy Cultivation in Vertikal Hydroponic Smart Greenhouse
Vertical cultivation is an alternative form of sustainable agriculture for areas with limited land availability. This study aims to design and develop an ESP32-based temperature and relative humidity (RH) monitoring system, evaluate its performance, and analyze the growth of pakcoy plants in a smart-climate greenhouse. The research employed an experimental method through field trials conducted in a 4×3 m greenhouse using a vertical hydroponic system. The study utilized DHT22 sensors to measure air temperature and humidity, and an LDR sensor to monitor light intensity, with a total of 96 pakcoy plant samples. Observed parameters included air temperature, air humidity, light intensity, plant height, number of leaves, and root length. The results show that the automated system was able to monitor and control greenhouse environmental conditions in real time. Calibration of the DHT22 sensor produced an RMSE value of 2.17 for temperature and 3.67 for air humidity, while the LDR sensor showed an RMSE of 6.14 lux. Daytime temperatures inside the greenhouse reached up to 42.3°C, with humidity levels ranging from 60% to 100%. Light intensity inside the greenhouse was lower than outside, particularly during midday. Plant growth results indicate that the controlled temperature treatment produced better plant height and leaf number, with a maximum height of 24.86 cm and up to 15 leaves. In contrast, the greenhouse treatment resulted in the highest root length, with an average of 30.98 cm. The ESP32-based monitoring system demonstrated satisfactory accuracy, and the implementation of a controlled climate in the greenhouse positively affected root growth, but was less optimal for plant height and leaf development.
The Effectiveness of Zeolite and Activated Charcoal Use in The Purification Process of Cow Manure Biogas
This study examines the effectiveness of zeolite and activated carbon as adsorbent materials in the purification process of biogas produced from cattle manure, which generally still contains impurity gases such as carbon dioxide (CO₂) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) that can reduce calorific value and cause corrosion in equipment. The aim of this research is to increase methane (CH₄) concentration and optimize the utilization of biogas as a renewable energy source. An experimental study was conducted at CV. Berkah Sejati Farm, West Lombok, with three treatment variations: unpurified biogas, biogas purified using activated carbon, and biogas purified using a combination of activated carbon and zeolite. The results showed that the purification process had a significant effect on improving biogas quality. Activated carbon reduced the H₂S concentration from 407 ppm to 101 ppm, while the combination of activated carbon and zeolite reduced H₂S to 97 ppm and decreased CO₂ concentration from 9,527 ppm to 859 ppm. The CH₄ concentration remained relatively stable, indicating that the improvement in biogas quality was mainly due to the reduction of impurity gases. Furthermore, the fastest combustion rate was observed in biogas purified using activated carbon, with a heating time of 5.85–6.10 minutes. The ANOVA analysis showed that the calculated F-value was greater than the F-table value at a 5% significance level. In addition, the flame color changed from reddish to bright blue, indicating a more efficient combustion process. Overall, the combination of zeolite and activated carbon proved to be the most effective in enhancing biogas purity and has strong potential to be applied as an economical and environmentally friendly purification technology that supports the development of clean and sustainable energy in Indonesia.
Characteristics of grain drying with fluidized system using heat source from rocket furnace
Indonesia is an agricultural country, which is rich in agricultural products. One of them is grain, even Indonesia ranks third with a total production of 70.8 million tons / year. Therefore, agricultural tools and machinery are an important utilization in the agricultural sector in particular in drying grain or other grains. Fluidized drying equipment is an important alternative to encourage modern agriculture in maintaining the quality of agricultural products. This study aims to determine the quality produced by the fluidized dryer and how long it takes for the fluidized dryer to reach 12-14% moisture content. This research uses an experimental method involving 3 types of measuring instruments, namely thermocouple type k, moisturemeter, and anemometer. Tests were conducted under free temperature conditions and not based on sunlight or high temperatures. The test results show that high temperatures require less time than lower temperatures. The higher the temperature and mass of material used, the faster the process of reducing water content. And vice versa. The fastest drying occurs at a temperature treatment of 60 ℃ with a mass of 3 kg of material and the longest drying at a temperature treatment of 40 ℃ with a mass of 5 kg of material.
Grain, Drying, Fluidyzed dryer, Temperature
Heat Transfer Analysis in the Drying Process of Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas L.) Using a Tray Dryer
Purple sweet potatoes (Ipomea batatas L.) have leaves that have the potential to be developed as functional foods, one of which is in the form of herbal tea. To meet product quality standards, particularly a maximum moisture content of 8% in accordance with SNI 3836:2013, an effective and controlled drying process is required. This study aims to analyze heat transfer in the drying process of sweet potato leaves using a tray dryer. The research method used is an experimental method with drying temperatures of 40–45°C and 50–55°C. The parameters analyzed included drying temperature, material mass, heat energy input, heat energy output, heat energy loss, and useful heat energy. The results showed that the heat energy input at a temperature of 40–45°C was 803.82 kJ with useful energy of 168 kJ, energy output of 157.655 kJ, and energy loss of 325.655 kJ. At a temperature of 50–55°C, the heat energy input increased to 1,148.57 kJ, with useful energy of 165.2 kJ, outgoing energy of 193.625 kJ, and lost energy of 356.025 kJ. The increase in temperature accelerated the decrease in moisture content and accelerated the drying process
Emitter depth variation in the sub-surface drip irrigation system based on emitters with flannel cloth on the growth quality of spinach (Amaranthus sp.)
Soil water availability plays an important role in plant growth; therefore, an irrigation system that maintains soil moisture efficiently is required. Subsurface drip irrigation is a potential method to improve water use efficiency and maintain moisture in the root zone. This study aimed to analyze the effects of emitter depth variation on soil moisture, water use efficiency, and spinach (Amaranthus sp.) growth. The experiment was conducted using three emitter depths: 3 cm, 6 cm, and 9 cm below the soil surface. Observed parameters included soil moisture, water use efficiency, plant height, number of leaves, and leaf width. The results showed that a 6 cm emitter depth produced stable soil moisture in the root zone and the highest water-use efficiency (87.20%). The best plant growth was also observed at 6 cm depth, with an average height of 17.4 cm and 20 leaves. The 9 cm depth resulted in lower growth performance due to less optimal water distribution. In conclusion, a 6 cm emitter depth is most effective for maintaining soil moisture, improving water-use efficiency, and supporting optimal spinach growth.
Design and Development of a Control System for Corn (Zea mays L.) Drying Based on Arduino in a Vertical-Type Dryer
This research aims to design and test an automatic control system for a vertical-type corn (Zea mays L.) dryer based on the Arduino Uno microcontroller. The system was developed to simplify the drying process by automatically controlling the temperature and humidity of the drying chamber using a DHT22 sensor to measure air temperature and relative humidity, and a SEN0308 sensor to monitor the moisture content of the corn. Sensor readings were recorded in real time through a data logger module equipped with an RTC and SD card, while relays controlled the solenoid valve and two blowers according to the temperature conditions of the dryer. The experiment was conducted at three drying temperatures 40°C, 50°C, and 60°C using two types of adsorbents: silica gel and activated charcoal. The results showed that the control system maintained stable temperatures close to the setpoints and automatically regulated the operation of the actuators. The drying process stopped when the corn moisture content reached the SNI standard of 13-14%. The designed system effectively controlled temperature and moisture content automatically, making it a reliable model for vertical-type corn dryers based on Arduino technology to improve precision and drying efficiency.
Analysis of Moisture Content Measurement in Coffee Beans Through The Drying Process Using an IoT (Internet of Things) - Based Solar Dryer Dome
Drying coffee beans is a crucial step in the post-harvest process to maintain quality and extend shelf life. This study aims to analyze coffee bean moisture content measurements using an Internet of Things (IoT)-based drying system in a solar dryer dome using the SEN0308 moisture sensor. The study was conducted using an experimental method utilizing a solar dryer dome. The observed parameters included measuring the moisture content of the coffee beans as well as the temperature and humidity inside the solar dryer dome. The results showed that the temperature inside the solar dryer dome ranged from 24 to 46°C with humidity of 36 to 93%, supporting optimal coffee bean drying. The initial moisture content of 64 to 54% gradually decreased to 12% after 5 days of drying. The SEN0308 moisture sensor provided real-time moisture content readings with stable results close to the actual values obtained by the oven method. These finding demonstrate that implementing an Internet of Things (IoT)-based solar dryer dome effectively accelerated the drying process and produced moisture content that met the quality standards for dried coffee beans
Analysis of Biogas Formation Fermentation from Cattle Manure and Livestock Feed Waste Using a Fixed-Dome Biodigester
The energy crisis in Indonesia has led to a significant increase in crude oil prices. To address this issue, energy conversion methods such as biogas production have been applied. Biogas is a renewable energy source produced through the fermentation of organic materials. The fermentation process involves several stages: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. This study aims to determine the fermentation duration of biogas from cattle manure and feed waste, measure the gas pressure produced, and evaluate biogas production in a fixed dome digester. The research method employed experimental procedures and field tests using an 8 m³ digester. The collected data were analyzed to assess the effect of fermentation duration on biogas production. The results showed that the fermentation process remained stable under mesophilic conditions, with temperature ranging from 28.7°C to 45.8°C and an optimal pH between 6.6 and 8.1. Biogas pressure was first detected on the first day of fermentation and increased over time, reaching its peak on days 21 and 22 at 10.1 kPa. The maximum biogas volume produced was 6.73 m³.
Desain Dan Uji Kinerja Alat Purifikasi Biogas Kotoran Sapi Pada Digester
Meningkatnya kebutuhan energi dan menipisnya cadangan bahan bakar fosil mendorong pemanfaatan energi terbarukan seperti biogas. Namun, biogas mentah dari kotoran sapi masih mengandung pengotor seperti CO₂ dan H₂S yang menurunkan kualitasnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan merancang serta menguji alat purifikasi biogas menggunakan zeolit dan arang aktif. Alat berbahan PVC berdiameter 10,5 cm dan tinggi 50 cm ini diisi 4,5 kg zeolit dan 1,5 kg arang aktif. Hasil uji menunjukkan peningkatan kadar CH₄ dari 8582,67 mol menjadi 9999 mol, penurunan CO₂ dari 7113 ppm menjadi 853 ppm, serta H₂S dari 397,67 ppm menjadi 99 ppm. Suhu nyala api meningkat hingga 370 °C dengan warna biru yang menandakan pembakaran lebih sempurna. Dengan demikian, alat purifikasi ini terbukti efektif meningkatkan kualitas biogas dan berpotensi diterapkan pada skala kecil secara efisien.
absorpsi; karbon aktif; metana; purifikasi biogas; zeolit
The Nutrient Flow Rate in The NFT Hydroponic System With Variations in The Gutter Slope
One of the most popular hydroponic systems is Nutrient Film Technique (NFT). This system allows planting plants without using soil media. The aim of this study is to know the effect of talang tilt variations on the speed of nutrient flow in the NFT hydroponic system and to know the impact of talang tilt variations on the growth and yield of lettuce plants in the NFT hydroponic system. The research method used is an experimental method by comparing various variations in the slope of the chamfer in the NFT hydroponic system, with the pipe tilt factor (T) ie T1=0.85%, T2=1.28%, T3=1.71%. The parameters measured are nutrient flow velocity, plant growth, plant wet weight, growth index. The results of the study, namely variations in the slope of the gutter in the NFT hydroponic system, affect the speed of nutrient flow and growth of lettuce plants. A slope of 1.71% produces the best plant height, wet weight and growth efficiency with the highest growth index. Overall, steeper slopes increase plant height growth, wet weight, and growth index.
gutter slope; lettuce; nutrient flow rate
Copyright (c) 2025 J-AGENT (Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Technology)
Design of a Drip Iirrigation System using Soil Moisture Sensor SEN0308 based on ESP32 Microcontroller
Automation in the field of agriculture is increasingly developing alongside the advancement of technology. This research aims to design and develop an automatic drip irrigation system using the SEN0308 soil moisture sensor controlled by an ESP32 microcontroller. The research method employed is an experimental approach, where the system is designed to detect soil moisture and perform irrigation automatically based on the data received. The system not only detects soil moisture and performs automatic watering as a parameter but also measures air temperature (°C), air humidity (%), and soil temperature (°C) for 1 day at 10-minute intervals. The SEN0308 soil moisture sensor operates optimally; when the soil moisture level drops below 21%, the servo opens to initiate irrigation and closes again when the moisture level reaches 43% or higher. The lowest air temperature occurred at 4:36 AM, which was 24°C, with a humidity of 81.96%. The highest air temperature occurred at 2:18 PM, which was 52.56°C, with a humidity of 23.1%. The highest ground temperature was recorded at 4:18 PM 31°C, and the lowest at 6:57 AM, which was 23.38°C. The automatic drip irrigation system based on the ESP32 microcontroller has been successfully designed and can efficiently manage irrigation scheduling, thus reducing dependence on manual intervention in the plant watering process. This system offers a practical solution for improved irrigation management in the agricultural sector.
Utility of NPK Fertilizer in The Growth of Bok Choy (Brassica Rapa L.) Using a Sprinkler Irrigation System
Fertilization is one of the critical aspects of vegetable cultivation techniques. NPK fertilizer is a complete compound fertilizer suitable for plant fertilization. This study aims to determine the growth responses of bok choy plants to the use of NPK fertilizer and to determine the level of uniformity of distribution of sprinkler irrigation water in supporting the growth of bok choy plants. The experimental method tests the effect of NPK fertilizer with various doses in each treatment and water distribution uniformity to support plant growth. The parameters observed in this study were uniformity coefficient, height of plants, number of leaves, and physical properties of the soil. The average value of the uniformity coefficient of water distribution was 89,85%. The height growth of bok choy plants in P2 treatment at 30 days after planting was 25.1 cm, while the number of leaves in P2 treatment at 30 days after planting was 14 strands. Using a sprinkler irrigation system, bok choy plants responded well to P2 treatment (7 grams of NPK + 1 liter of water).
bok choy plants; NPK; sprinkler irrigation
Increasing Water Efficiency Through Drip Irrigation Systems and Mulch Application on the Growth of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) in Dryland
The use of water with drip irrigation systems in agriculture is very effective and efficient. Drip irrigation is generally used for high economic value crops, including cauliflower. The purpose of the study was to determine the efficiency of water in agriculture through drip irrigation systems and the application of mulch to the growth of cauliflower. The method used was experimental method by observing the growth of cauliflower plants. The parameters observed were soil physical properties, water discharge, plant water requirements, emitter uniformity, water storage height, drip irrigation efficiency, and plant growth. The results showed an average water discharge of 0.0149 l/sec. The plant water requirement in the middle period was 0.1294 liters/day/plant, and the final period was 0.1120 liters/day/plant. Emitter uniformity obtained an average value of Emission Uniformity (EU) of 82.12%. The best plant growth was found in the 60th observation, with an average plant height of 17.85 cm, an average number of leaves of 21.9 strands, and the best- wet weight of 631.4 gram. Drip irrigation efficiency amounted to 81.26%. The efficiency of drip irrigation in this study can be said to be effective and efficient because the water needs of cauliflower plants are met. Plastic mulch has a good effect on the growth of cauliflower plants in dryland.
cauliflower; drip irrigation; efficiency; plastic mulch
Study of Heat Supply in Taro Tuber Drying Process (Colocasia Esculenta (L.)) Using a Rack Type Dryer
The rack type dryer is one of the artificial drying technologies for drying agricultural products. The drying process is highly dependent on the provision of heat. The purpose of this study was to determine the available temperature in the combustion chamber, the temperature generated in the drying chamber, the temperature in the heat conducting medium, and the outlet temperature in the taro tuber drying process using a rack type dryer. The method used in this research is experimental which is carried out in the laboratory of power and agricultural machinery. This test was conducted using a rack type dryer with taro tuber material. The number of shelves in the dryer is 8 shelves, consisting of 4 shelves on the left and 4 shelves on the right. The thickness of the sliced material is ±1 mm which will be dried with a temperature range of 40-45oC until it reaches a constant material moisture content. In the drying process, taro slices were placed one by one without stacking on each shelf. The parameters observed were heat energy, heat supply to the drying chamber, the amount of heat in the heat conducting medium, heat loss and the amount of heat given to the drying chamber. The results showed that the average temperature available in the combustion chamber of the rack type dryer with coconut shell fuel is 92.39oC with the energy generated from combustion of 78,260kJ and a combustion rate of 1.97 kJ/s, and the average temperature in the drying chamber of 39.58oC. The average temperature on the heat conducting medium of the rack-type dryer on the inside and the pipe wall is 56.68oC and 50.87oC and the average outlet temperature of the rack-type dryer is 33.53oC.
heat conductor; rack type dryer; taro tubers; temperature
Work Analysis of Garbage Chopping Machine Type Gx_200 in Processing Palm Frond Shredded Waste
Aren (Arenga pinnata) is one of the plants that has a high ecological function value and is easily cultivated to support the community's economy. Almost all parts of the aren palm tree can be useful for various needs. Meanwhile, the palm fronds have not been utilized until now. Therefore, the fronds that are not utilized will become garbage or waste, one of which needs to be handled, namely by utilizing them as an alternative for making planting media and compost fertilizer, thus the need for a tool or chopping machine to facilitate the chopping process. The purpose of this study is to determine the performance of the machine, the actual capacity of the machine and the efficiency of the machine. The method used in this research is experimental by making direct observations, tests and measurements with 3 treatments with a mass of material as much as 100 grams, 150 grams, and 200 grams. The measured research parameters are the actual capacity of the machine, the power requirements of the chopper, the torque rotation speed, the performance of the chopping machine, and the efficiency of the chopping machine. The results of the research in measuring the performance of the machine show that the average value of the actual capacity of the machine is 2004.78 grams / hour, the torque rotation speed is 9.34 Nm, the power requirement is 0.978 watts, the chopping yield is 49.69%, the percentage of chopped length is 96.41%, fuel consumption is 49.7, and the highest machine efficiency is 49.7%, the highest treatment value is at a material weight of 200 grams. The performance of the waste chopping machine on the shredded palm fronds, the machine used is still not optimal so that it needs to improve its performance in order to work optimally, the actual capacity of the waste chopping machine is able to produce 2004.78 grams per hour, the highest machine performance efficiency is found in the weight of 200 grams of material with an average value of 49.7%.
chopping machine; machine testing; sugar palm frond waste
Analysis of the characteristics of briquettes made from a combination of corn stalk (Zea mays L.) and coconut shell (Cocos nucifera L.) Waste
Energy consumption in Indonesia continues to increase due to the rising population and economic activities. Energy consumption in Indonesia has been increasing by an average of 7-8% per year over the past decade. Therefore, alternative renewable energy sources are needed to reduce the use of non-renewable fossil fuels. Briquettes are one form of alternative fuel that is becoming increasingly popular in Indonesia, especially as a solution to reduce fossil fuel consumption. This study uses a briquette made from a mixture of corn stalks and coconut shell with tapioca flour as a binder. This research aims to determine the characteristics and the durability of the briquettes, as well as the optimal composition in making briquettes from corn stalk and coconut shell waste. In this study, four variants are used: R1 = 100% corn stalk, R2 = 70% corn stalk and 30% coconut shell, R3 = 50% corn stalk and 50% coconut shell, R4 = 30% corn stalk and 70% coconut shell. The tested parameters include moisture content, ash content, calorific value, temperature, and combustion rate. The results of the analysis are measured against SNI criteria, where all variants meet the criteria for moisture content testing, but for ash content and calorific value testing, only two variants meet the criteria, namely R3 and R4. Variant R2 shows the best durability and combustion temperature, while in the combustion rate test, variant R4 shows the best combustion rate. In conclusion, briquettes made from a mixture of corn stalk and coconut shell waste have different characteristics depending on the percentage of the mixture used. The durability of the briquettes follows the amount of the dominant material between corn stalks and coconut shells. Adding 50% coconut shell results in the most suitable composition for making briquettes from a combination of corn stalk and coconut shell waste, which meets the SNI standards for charcoal briquettes.
briquettes; characteristics; combination; corn stalk
Characteristics of Cocoa Powder (Theobroma Cacao L.) During Storage Using Aluminum Foil Standing Pouch Packaging
Storing harvests is a very important stage after obtaining sufficient harvests. Storage plays an important role in the durability of products or food ingredients. This research aims to determine the characteristics of chocolate/cocoa powder during storage using aluminum foil standing pouch packaging at various storage room temperatures. The method used in this research is an experimental method and is followed by data testing using ANOVA. The parameters used include water content, weight loss and color chromosity. Based on research that has been conducted, the water content of chocolate powder during storage experiences increases and decreases in water content. The average moisture content of chocolate powder stored in boxes was 5.50%, in the room 5.38%, and in the refrigerator 5.19%. The weight loss of chocolate powder during storage experienced an irregular increase and decrease in weight loss so that the storage location and storage time affected the weight loss value of chocolate powder. The colors L, a, and b for the storage place show insignificant results or have no effect while the storage time shows significant results on the values ​​of L, a and b.
colo; storage; water content; weight loss
Modeling and Simulation of Growth of Pagoda Sawi Plant (Brassica narinosa L.) with Hydroponic System in Plant Factory
Pagoda mustard plant (Brassica narinosa L.) is one type of mustard vegetable that has high economic value. This study aims to analyze the effect of environmental variables on the growth of pagoda mustard greens (Brassica narinosa L.) in a plant factory-based hydroponic system and build a mathematical model of plant growth using simple linear regression and polynomial regression approaches. This research was conducted for 30 days of planting period. Environmental variables observed included temperature, light intensity, humidity, pH, nutrient content, and EC, while plant growth variables consisted of plant height, number of leaves, canopy area and wet weight. The main treatment was a variation of irradiation duration, namely 8 hours (RAK 1), 13 hours (RAK 2), and 18 hours (RAK 3). The analysis showed that all environmental variables influenced the growth of pagoda mustard plants. Model validation was conducted using the coefficient of determination (R2) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The third order polynomial regression model provides the best prediction results with the highest R2 value reaching 0.985 and the lowest RMSE of 0.0889 in RAK 1, R2 of 0.989 and RMSE of 0.176 in RAK 2, and R2 of 0.99 and RMSE of 0.129 for plant height parameters. From the results, RAK 3 showed the highest productivity based on plant wet weight. The developed model has the potential to be used as a growth prediction tool in modern precision cultivation systems.
hydroponics; pagoda mustard; plant factory; polynomial regression
Calibration of SEN0308 Soil Moisture Sensor for Moisture Monitoring in Vertisol Soil
The SEN0308 soil moisture sensor uses the capacitive sensing principle to detect soil moisture by measuring its dielectric constant. This study aims to calibrate the SEN0308 sensor, evaluate its accuracy, and measure the moisture content of vertisol soil. The experimental method was used to compare soil moisture values in the form of ADC values with laboratory measurements. The measured parameters include soil moisture content and sensor calibration. The calibration process involved creating equations and coefficients of determination using Microsoft Excel, which was then implemented in a programming language to convert ADC values into soil moisture percentages. The calibration results showed that sample A experienced dry conditions with an actual moisture content of 12%, with ADC values for sensors I -VI being 2020, 2067, 2081, 2001, 1994, and 2109, respectively. On the other hand, sample G, adding 1500 ml of water, obtained an actual moisture content of 53% with ADC values for sensors I -VI of 164, 157, 200, 190, 208, and 167, respectively. When the calibration process of the SEN0308 soil moisture sensor has been completed, the sensor can measure the moisture content in the soil in percentage (%) format. Each SEN0308 soil moisture sensor has undergone an accuracy measurement using a non-linear regression analysis with a logarithmic (ln) approach, which results in a relationship between the coefficient of determination and the correlation value that is very good.
“PE hose” drip irrigation technology for bok choy (Brassica rapa L.) plant culture using plastic mulch in drylands
Lack of water in the phase of plant growth and development will cause productivity and quality in bok choy plants to decrease. Cultivation of bok choy plants in dryland drip irrigation technology using the PE (Polyethylene) hose is a solution to streamline water application. This study aims to determine the effect of water application using drip irrigation technology on bok choy plant growth, determine the amount of water application using drip irrigation, and determine the effect of using plastic mulch on bok choy plant growth. The method used is an experimental method with an experiment of giving water using drip irrigation to bok choy plants and combined with the use of plastic mulch. The parameters observed in this study were soil physical properties, the emission uniformity, water discharge, plant water requirements, and plant growth. The results showed that the average water discharge distributed was 0.04074 l/sec. The emission uniformity obtained an average value of Emission Uniformity (EU) of 88.36%. The plant water requirement for the middle period was 0.0128 liters/day/plant, and the final period was 0.0142 liters/day/plant. The best plant growth was found in the 15th observation, with an average plant height of 15.57 cm, an average number of leaves of 14.9 strands, and an average fresh weight of 148.1 grams. The application of the drip irrigation system as a water delivery tool has a good impact on plants. Watering using drip irrigation can save water expenditure and get good results. The use of plastic mulch can help the photosynthesis process on the leaves through the reflection of sunlight.
bok choy plants; drip irrigation; PE hose; plastic mulch, water
Analysis Characteristics of Bamboo Brickets (Bambusoideae) Using Organic Based Adhesive
Energy is the largest consumption at the end of 2020 and early 2021, this causes oil reserves to run low. This encourages us to look for new alternatives using charcoal briquette biomass. This research aims to analyze the characteristics of bamboo briquettes that use organic-based adhesives as an alternative renewable energy and use non-food-based adhesives to minimize the use of food ingredients as adhesives. Briquettes are made from bamboo waste with waru leaf adhesive and tapioca flour with an adhesive composition of P1 (100:0%), P2 (75:25%), and P3 (50:50%). Tests were carried out on density, calorific value, water content, ash content and combustion power. The results show that the adhesive composition influences the characteristics of the briquettes. The heating value obtained at P1 was 5999.33cal/gram, P25832.67, P3 5995.00cal/gram, the highest value was obtained at P1 and the lowest value was at P2, the density value obtained at P1 was 0.55〖gram/cm〗^3, at P2 0.58〖gram/cm〗^3, P3 value 0.50〖gram/cm〗^3 the highest value at P2 and the lowest at P3. The water content value at P1 is 6.62%, P2 7.2%, P3 4.62%, the lowest water content value is at P3 and the highest value is at P2. The combustion power value at P1 is 0.19 grams/minute, P2 is 0.17 grams/minute, P3 is 015 grams/minute, the highest value is at P1 and the lowest is at P3. As well as the ash content value at P1 0.31%, P2 0.33%, P3 0.28%, the highest value at P2 and the lowest value at P3. The results of statistical analysis using ANOVA show that the adhesive composition significantly influences most of the parameters tested, except heating value and density. The conclusion obtained is that the calorific value, water content and ash content are in accordance with SNI-6235-2000 except density.
adhevise; bamboo briquettes; hibiscus leaves
The drip irrigation automation design using the servo motor
The decreasing availability of water encourages the use of high-efficiency irrigation systems. The manual drip irrigation system still uses human labour, making it less effective. For that an automation system in the drip irrigation system is needed. The purpose of this research is to design a drip irrigation automation system using a servo motor as an actuator, determine the response of the servo motor to the parameters received, and determine the accuracy of the servo motor rotation. The experimental method used in this research is to design an automatic drip irrigation system using a servo motor with soil moisture level treatment. Tests were conducted at three different soil moisture levels, namely 23%, 26%, and 28%, with a lower limit of ≤22%. The parameters observed are the servo motor rotation, soil moisture, and the movement of the servo motor. Based on the tests, the servo motor can open and close the tap according to the specified lower and upper limit treatment. The upper limit of 23% servo motor on and off process occurred 16 times each, the upper limit of 26% 10 times each and the upper limit of 28% 5 times each. Testing the accuracy of the servo motor rotation angle is also carried out with an accuracy value of 97.1% and an error value of 2.9%.
automation; drip irrigation; servo motor; soil moisture
Effectiveness of Water Use on The Growth of Grand Rapid Lettuce Plants (Lactuca Sativa L.) in an Artificial Light Vertical Hydroponic System
Artificial light vertical hydroponics is the cultivation of plants without soil with artificial lighting. This system is suitable for limited land, such as urban environments. The effectiveness of water use in vertical hydroponics depends on the regulation of environmental factors such as lighting. This research aims to determine the most productive water supply in the growth of grand rapid lettuce plants using a vertical artificial light hydroponic system, observe and evaluate optimal growth of grand rapid lettuce plants, and analyze the value of water requirements for grand rapid lettuce plants. Research using experimental methods with several treatments, namely H0: Greenhouse hydroponics, H1: Hydroponics with intermittent pumps, and H2: Hydroponics with full water pumps. The parameters observed include temperature, humidity, nutrient solution, plant growth, evapotranspiration, flow rate, electrical energy consumption and water productivity. Research results: Temperature and humidity in greenhouses are higher than indoor verticals. The pH, TDS and EC of the three treatments H0, H1 and H2 did not differ much. The average flow rate for H1 treatment was 44.667 ml/second, H2 was 44.667 ml/second and H0 was 237.333 ml/second. The water requirement in treatment H1 is 11.64 liters, H2 is 19.15 liters while H0 is 26.18 liters. Electrical energy consumption in the greenhouse is 20.97 kWh, full indoor vertical (H2) is 16.17 kWh while intermittent indoor vertical (H1) is 8.08 kWh. Water productivity in treatment H1 was 20.44 kg/m3, H2 was 11.40 kg/m3, and in H0 was 0.25 kg/m3. Each treatment showed a significant effect on the number of leaves, root length, canopy area and total plant fresh weight.
grand rapid lettuce; indoor vertical; water use
Plant factory Design For Red Spinach (Amaranthus Tricolor L.) Plant Growth Using Artificial Light
This study aims to test the structural and functional design of the plant factory and to determine the growth of red spinach (Amaranthus Tricolor L.). This study used an experimental method with the treatment of lamp height distance L1 (20 cm), L2 (40 cm), and L3 (60 cm) on plant response with a sample size of 4 in each treatment every day for 30 days. The parameters observed included uniformity of drops (EU), flow rate, plant height, number of leaves, leaf width, microclimate and soil moisture. In addition, observations of plant responses and microclimate were also carried out in the greenhouse planting room. The results of the (EU) values obtained were very good based on ASAE information, the flow rate values obtained were different, this was caused by the distance of the water source to the irrigation channel being different and causing the flow rate in the 1st row irrigation channel to be slightly slower compared to the 2nd and 3rd row irrigation channels. The response of red spinach plants in the plant factory planting room was superior to the L1 treatment, but the response of plants in the greenhouse was higher. The average temperature per day in the plant factory ranged from 28.57 ° C - 30.97 ° C, the average temperature per day in the greenhouse planting room ranged from 27.07 ℃, the average humidity per day in the plant factory planting room ranged from 78% - 91%, the average humidity per day in the greenhouse planting room ranged from 69% - 91%. The light intensity in the plant factory ranged from 1616.16 lx - 2626.56 lx, the soil moisture value obtained ranged from 44% - 86%. Based on the results of the study, the L1 treatment produced the most optimal growth response of red spinach plants in the plant factory.