J-AGENT (Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Technology)
J-AGENT (Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Technology) is a scientific journal that publishes research results in the field of agricultural engineering and technology. J-AGENT's scope includes: agricultural environmental engineering and conservation, agricultural tools and machinery, bioprocess engineering, new renewable energy, agricultural information technology, smart agriculture and other related fields related to agro-industrial technology. This journal is published by the Faculty of Food Technology and Agroindustry, University of Mataram. Articles published on J-AGENT can be written in 2 languages, namely Indonesian or English. J-AGENT (Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Technology) is published 4 times a year in January-March, April-June, July-September, and October-December (1 volume, 4 issues).
Fakultas Teknologi Pangan & Agroindustri
Desain Dan Uji Kinerja Alat Purifikasi Biogas Kotoran Sapi Pada Digester
Meningkatnya kebutuhan energi dan menipisnya cadangan bahan bakar fosil mendorong pemanfaatan energi terbarukan seperti biogas. Namun, biogas mentah dari kotoran sapi masih mengandung pengotor seperti CO₂ dan H₂S yang menurunkan kualitasnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan merancang serta menguji alat purifikasi biogas menggunakan zeolit dan arang aktif. Alat berbahan PVC berdiameter 10,5 cm dan tinggi 50 cm ini diisi 4,5 kg zeolit dan 1,5 kg arang aktif. Hasil uji menunjukkan peningkatan kadar CH₄ dari 8582,67 mol menjadi 9999 mol, penurunan CO₂ dari 7113 ppm menjadi 853 ppm, serta H₂S dari 397,67 ppm menjadi 99 ppm. Suhu nyala api meningkat hingga 370 °C dengan warna biru yang menandakan pembakaran lebih sempurna. Dengan demikian, alat purifikasi ini terbukti efektif meningkatkan kualitas biogas dan berpotensi diterapkan pada skala kecil secara efisien.
absorpsi; karbon aktif; metana; purifikasi biogas; zeolit
Copyright (c) 2026 J-AGENT (Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Technology)
The Nutrient Flow Rate in The NFT Hydroponic System With Variations in The Gutter Slope
One of the most popular hydroponic systems is Nutrient Film Technique (NFT). This system allows planting plants without using soil media. The aim of this study is to know the effect of talang tilt variations on the speed of nutrient flow in the NFT hydroponic system and to know the impact of talang tilt variations on the growth and yield of lettuce plants in the NFT hydroponic system. The research method used is an experimental method by comparing various variations in the slope of the chamfer in the NFT hydroponic system, with the pipe tilt factor (T) ie T1=0.85%, T2=1.28%, T3=1.71%. The parameters measured are nutrient flow velocity, plant growth, plant wet weight, growth index. The results of the study, namely variations in the slope of the gutter in the NFT hydroponic system, affect the speed of nutrient flow and growth of lettuce plants. A slope of 1.71% produces the best plant height, wet weight and growth efficiency with the highest growth index. Overall, steeper slopes increase plant height growth, wet weight, and growth index.
gutter slope; lettuce; nutrient flow rate
Copyright (c) 2025 J-AGENT (Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Technology)
Design of a Drip Iirrigation System using Soil Moisture Sensor SEN0308 based on ESP32 Microcontroller
Automation in the field of agriculture is increasingly developing alongside the advancement of technology. This research aims to design and develop an automatic drip irrigation system using the SEN0308 soil moisture sensor controlled by an ESP32 microcontroller. The research method employed is an experimental approach, where the system is designed to detect soil moisture and perform irrigation automatically based on the data received. The system not only detects soil moisture and performs automatic watering as a parameter but also measures air temperature (°C), air humidity (%), and soil temperature (°C) for 1 day at 10-minute intervals. The SEN0308 soil moisture sensor operates optimally; when the soil moisture level drops below 21%, the servo opens to initiate irrigation and closes again when the moisture level reaches 43% or higher. The lowest air temperature occurred at 4:36 AM, which was 24°C, with a humidity of 81.96%. The highest air temperature occurred at 2:18 PM, which was 52.56°C, with a humidity of 23.1%. The highest ground temperature was recorded at 4:18 PM 31°C, and the lowest at 6:57 AM, which was 23.38°C. The automatic drip irrigation system based on the ESP32 microcontroller has been successfully designed and can efficiently manage irrigation scheduling, thus reducing dependence on manual intervention in the plant watering process. This system offers a practical solution for improved irrigation management in the agricultural sector.
Utility of NPK Fertilizer in The Growth of Bok Choy (Brassica Rapa L.) Using a Sprinkler Irrigation System
Fertilization is one of the critical aspects of vegetable cultivation techniques. NPK fertilizer is a complete compound fertilizer suitable for plant fertilization. This study aims to determine the growth responses of bok choy plants to the use of NPK fertilizer and to determine the level of uniformity of distribution of sprinkler irrigation water in supporting the growth of bok choy plants. The experimental method tests the effect of NPK fertilizer with various doses in each treatment and water distribution uniformity to support plant growth. The parameters observed in this study were uniformity coefficient, height of plants, number of leaves, and physical properties of the soil. The average value of the uniformity coefficient of water distribution was 89,85%. The height growth of bok choy plants in P2 treatment at 30 days after planting was 25.1 cm, while the number of leaves in P2 treatment at 30 days after planting was 14 strands. Using a sprinkler irrigation system, bok choy plants responded well to P2 treatment (7 grams of NPK + 1 liter of water).
bok choy plants; NPK; sprinkler irrigation
Increasing Water Efficiency Through Drip Irrigation Systems and Mulch Application on the Growth of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) in Dryland
The use of water with drip irrigation systems in agriculture is very effective and efficient. Drip irrigation is generally used for high economic value crops, including cauliflower. The purpose of the study was to determine the efficiency of water in agriculture through drip irrigation systems and the application of mulch to the growth of cauliflower. The method used was experimental method by observing the growth of cauliflower plants. The parameters observed were soil physical properties, water discharge, plant water requirements, emitter uniformity, water storage height, drip irrigation efficiency, and plant growth. The results showed an average water discharge of 0.0149 l/sec. The plant water requirement in the middle period was 0.1294 liters/day/plant, and the final period was 0.1120 liters/day/plant. Emitter uniformity obtained an average value of Emission Uniformity (EU) of 82.12%. The best plant growth was found in the 60th observation, with an average plant height of 17.85 cm, an average number of leaves of 21.9 strands, and the best- wet weight of 631.4 gram. Drip irrigation efficiency amounted to 81.26%. The efficiency of drip irrigation in this study can be said to be effective and efficient because the water needs of cauliflower plants are met. Plastic mulch has a good effect on the growth of cauliflower plants in dryland.
cauliflower; drip irrigation; efficiency; plastic mulch
Study of Heat Supply in Taro Tuber Drying Process (Colocasia Esculenta (L.)) Using a Rack Type Dryer
The rack type dryer is one of the artificial drying technologies for drying agricultural products. The drying process is highly dependent on the provision of heat. The purpose of this study was to determine the available temperature in the combustion chamber, the temperature generated in the drying chamber, the temperature in the heat conducting medium, and the outlet temperature in the taro tuber drying process using a rack type dryer. The method used in this research is experimental which is carried out in the laboratory of power and agricultural machinery. This test was conducted using a rack type dryer with taro tuber material. The number of shelves in the dryer is 8 shelves, consisting of 4 shelves on the left and 4 shelves on the right. The thickness of the sliced material is ±1 mm which will be dried with a temperature range of 40-45oC until it reaches a constant material moisture content. In the drying process, taro slices were placed one by one without stacking on each shelf. The parameters observed were heat energy, heat supply to the drying chamber, the amount of heat in the heat conducting medium, heat loss and the amount of heat given to the drying chamber. The results showed that the average temperature available in the combustion chamber of the rack type dryer with coconut shell fuel is 92.39oC with the energy generated from combustion of 78,260kJ and a combustion rate of 1.97 kJ/s, and the average temperature in the drying chamber of 39.58oC. The average temperature on the heat conducting medium of the rack-type dryer on the inside and the pipe wall is 56.68oC and 50.87oC and the average outlet temperature of the rack-type dryer is 33.53oC.
heat conductor; rack type dryer; taro tubers; temperature
Work Analysis of Garbage Chopping Machine Type Gx_200 in Processing Palm Frond Shredded Waste
Aren (Arenga pinnata) is one of the plants that has a high ecological function value and is easily cultivated to support the community's economy. Almost all parts of the aren palm tree can be useful for various needs. Meanwhile, the palm fronds have not been utilized until now. Therefore, the fronds that are not utilized will become garbage or waste, one of which needs to be handled, namely by utilizing them as an alternative for making planting media and compost fertilizer, thus the need for a tool or chopping machine to facilitate the chopping process. The purpose of this study is to determine the performance of the machine, the actual capacity of the machine and the efficiency of the machine. The method used in this research is experimental by making direct observations, tests and measurements with 3 treatments with a mass of material as much as 100 grams, 150 grams, and 200 grams. The measured research parameters are the actual capacity of the machine, the power requirements of the chopper, the torque rotation speed, the performance of the chopping machine, and the efficiency of the chopping machine. The results of the research in measuring the performance of the machine show that the average value of the actual capacity of the machine is 2004.78 grams / hour, the torque rotation speed is 9.34 Nm, the power requirement is 0.978 watts, the chopping yield is 49.69%, the percentage of chopped length is 96.41%, fuel consumption is 49.7, and the highest machine efficiency is 49.7%, the highest treatment value is at a material weight of 200 grams. The performance of the waste chopping machine on the shredded palm fronds, the machine used is still not optimal so that it needs to improve its performance in order to work optimally, the actual capacity of the waste chopping machine is able to produce 2004.78 grams per hour, the highest machine performance efficiency is found in the weight of 200 grams of material with an average value of 49.7%.
chopping machine; machine testing; sugar palm frond waste
Analysis of the characteristics of briquettes made from a combination of corn stalk (Zea mays L.) and coconut shell (Cocos nucifera L.) Waste
Energy consumption in Indonesia continues to increase due to the rising population and economic activities. Energy consumption in Indonesia has been increasing by an average of 7-8% per year over the past decade. Therefore, alternative renewable energy sources are needed to reduce the use of non-renewable fossil fuels. Briquettes are one form of alternative fuel that is becoming increasingly popular in Indonesia, especially as a solution to reduce fossil fuel consumption. This study uses a briquette made from a mixture of corn stalks and coconut shell with tapioca flour as a binder. This research aims to determine the characteristics and the durability of the briquettes, as well as the optimal composition in making briquettes from corn stalk and coconut shell waste. In this study, four variants are used: R1 = 100% corn stalk, R2 = 70% corn stalk and 30% coconut shell, R3 = 50% corn stalk and 50% coconut shell, R4 = 30% corn stalk and 70% coconut shell. The tested parameters include moisture content, ash content, calorific value, temperature, and combustion rate. The results of the analysis are measured against SNI criteria, where all variants meet the criteria for moisture content testing, but for ash content and calorific value testing, only two variants meet the criteria, namely R3 and R4. Variant R2 shows the best durability and combustion temperature, while in the combustion rate test, variant R4 shows the best combustion rate. In conclusion, briquettes made from a mixture of corn stalk and coconut shell waste have different characteristics depending on the percentage of the mixture used. The durability of the briquettes follows the amount of the dominant material between corn stalks and coconut shells. Adding 50% coconut shell results in the most suitable composition for making briquettes from a combination of corn stalk and coconut shell waste, which meets the SNI standards for charcoal briquettes.
briquettes; characteristics; combination; corn stalk
Characteristics of Cocoa Powder (Theobroma Cacao L.) During Storage Using Aluminum Foil Standing Pouch Packaging
Storing harvests is a very important stage after obtaining sufficient harvests. Storage plays an important role in the durability of products or food ingredients. This research aims to determine the characteristics of chocolate/cocoa powder during storage using aluminum foil standing pouch packaging at various storage room temperatures. The method used in this research is an experimental method and is followed by data testing using ANOVA. The parameters used include water content, weight loss and color chromosity. Based on research that has been conducted, the water content of chocolate powder during storage experiences increases and decreases in water content. The average moisture content of chocolate powder stored in boxes was 5.50%, in the room 5.38%, and in the refrigerator 5.19%. The weight loss of chocolate powder during storage experienced an irregular increase and decrease in weight loss so that the storage location and storage time affected the weight loss value of chocolate powder. The colors L, a, and b for the storage place show insignificant results or have no effect while the storage time shows significant results on the values ​​of L, a and b.
colo; storage; water content; weight loss
Modeling and Simulation of Growth of Pagoda Sawi Plant (Brassica narinosa L.) with Hydroponic System in Plant Factory
Pagoda mustard plant (Brassica narinosa L.) is one type of mustard vegetable that has high economic value. This study aims to analyze the effect of environmental variables on the growth of pagoda mustard greens (Brassica narinosa L.) in a plant factory-based hydroponic system and build a mathematical model of plant growth using simple linear regression and polynomial regression approaches. This research was conducted for 30 days of planting period. Environmental variables observed included temperature, light intensity, humidity, pH, nutrient content, and EC, while plant growth variables consisted of plant height, number of leaves, canopy area and wet weight. The main treatment was a variation of irradiation duration, namely 8 hours (RAK 1), 13 hours (RAK 2), and 18 hours (RAK 3). The analysis showed that all environmental variables influenced the growth of pagoda mustard plants. Model validation was conducted using the coefficient of determination (R2) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The third order polynomial regression model provides the best prediction results with the highest R2 value reaching 0.985 and the lowest RMSE of 0.0889 in RAK 1, R2 of 0.989 and RMSE of 0.176 in RAK 2, and R2 of 0.99 and RMSE of 0.129 for plant height parameters. From the results, RAK 3 showed the highest productivity based on plant wet weight. The developed model has the potential to be used as a growth prediction tool in modern precision cultivation systems.
hydroponics; pagoda mustard; plant factory; polynomial regression
Calibration of SEN0308 Soil Moisture Sensor for Moisture Monitoring in Vertisol Soil
The SEN0308 soil moisture sensor uses the capacitive sensing principle to detect soil moisture by measuring its dielectric constant. This study aims to calibrate the SEN0308 sensor, evaluate its accuracy, and measure the moisture content of vertisol soil. The experimental method was used to compare soil moisture values in the form of ADC values with laboratory measurements. The measured parameters include soil moisture content and sensor calibration. The calibration process involved creating equations and coefficients of determination using Microsoft Excel, which was then implemented in a programming language to convert ADC values into soil moisture percentages. The calibration results showed that sample A experienced dry conditions with an actual moisture content of 12%, with ADC values for sensors I -VI being 2020, 2067, 2081, 2001, 1994, and 2109, respectively. On the other hand, sample G, adding 1500 ml of water, obtained an actual moisture content of 53% with ADC values for sensors I -VI of 164, 157, 200, 190, 208, and 167, respectively. When the calibration process of the SEN0308 soil moisture sensor has been completed, the sensor can measure the moisture content in the soil in percentage (%) format. Each SEN0308 soil moisture sensor has undergone an accuracy measurement using a non-linear regression analysis with a logarithmic (ln) approach, which results in a relationship between the coefficient of determination and the correlation value that is very good.
“PE hose” drip irrigation technology for bok choy (Brassica rapa L.) plant culture using plastic mulch in drylands
Lack of water in the phase of plant growth and development will cause productivity and quality in bok choy plants to decrease. Cultivation of bok choy plants in dryland drip irrigation technology using the PE (Polyethylene) hose is a solution to streamline water application. This study aims to determine the effect of water application using drip irrigation technology on bok choy plant growth, determine the amount of water application using drip irrigation, and determine the effect of using plastic mulch on bok choy plant growth. The method used is an experimental method with an experiment of giving water using drip irrigation to bok choy plants and combined with the use of plastic mulch. The parameters observed in this study were soil physical properties, the emission uniformity, water discharge, plant water requirements, and plant growth. The results showed that the average water discharge distributed was 0.04074 l/sec. The emission uniformity obtained an average value of Emission Uniformity (EU) of 88.36%. The plant water requirement for the middle period was 0.0128 liters/day/plant, and the final period was 0.0142 liters/day/plant. The best plant growth was found in the 15th observation, with an average plant height of 15.57 cm, an average number of leaves of 14.9 strands, and an average fresh weight of 148.1 grams. The application of the drip irrigation system as a water delivery tool has a good impact on plants. Watering using drip irrigation can save water expenditure and get good results. The use of plastic mulch can help the photosynthesis process on the leaves through the reflection of sunlight.
bok choy plants; drip irrigation; PE hose; plastic mulch, water
Analysis Characteristics of Bamboo Brickets (Bambusoideae) Using Organic Based Adhesive
Energy is the largest consumption at the end of 2020 and early 2021, this causes oil reserves to run low. This encourages us to look for new alternatives using charcoal briquette biomass. This research aims to analyze the characteristics of bamboo briquettes that use organic-based adhesives as an alternative renewable energy and use non-food-based adhesives to minimize the use of food ingredients as adhesives. Briquettes are made from bamboo waste with waru leaf adhesive and tapioca flour with an adhesive composition of P1 (100:0%), P2 (75:25%), and P3 (50:50%). Tests were carried out on density, calorific value, water content, ash content and combustion power. The results show that the adhesive composition influences the characteristics of the briquettes. The heating value obtained at P1 was 5999.33cal/gram, P25832.67, P3 5995.00cal/gram, the highest value was obtained at P1 and the lowest value was at P2, the density value obtained at P1 was 0.55〖gram/cm〗^3, at P2 0.58〖gram/cm〗^3, P3 value 0.50〖gram/cm〗^3 the highest value at P2 and the lowest at P3. The water content value at P1 is 6.62%, P2 7.2%, P3 4.62%, the lowest water content value is at P3 and the highest value is at P2. The combustion power value at P1 is 0.19 grams/minute, P2 is 0.17 grams/minute, P3 is 015 grams/minute, the highest value is at P1 and the lowest is at P3. As well as the ash content value at P1 0.31%, P2 0.33%, P3 0.28%, the highest value at P2 and the lowest value at P3. The results of statistical analysis using ANOVA show that the adhesive composition significantly influences most of the parameters tested, except heating value and density. The conclusion obtained is that the calorific value, water content and ash content are in accordance with SNI-6235-2000 except density.
adhevise; bamboo briquettes; hibiscus leaves
The drip irrigation automation design using the servo motor
The decreasing availability of water encourages the use of high-efficiency irrigation systems. The manual drip irrigation system still uses human labour, making it less effective. For that an automation system in the drip irrigation system is needed. The purpose of this research is to design a drip irrigation automation system using a servo motor as an actuator, determine the response of the servo motor to the parameters received, and determine the accuracy of the servo motor rotation. The experimental method used in this research is to design an automatic drip irrigation system using a servo motor with soil moisture level treatment. Tests were conducted at three different soil moisture levels, namely 23%, 26%, and 28%, with a lower limit of ≤22%. The parameters observed are the servo motor rotation, soil moisture, and the movement of the servo motor. Based on the tests, the servo motor can open and close the tap according to the specified lower and upper limit treatment. The upper limit of 23% servo motor on and off process occurred 16 times each, the upper limit of 26% 10 times each and the upper limit of 28% 5 times each. Testing the accuracy of the servo motor rotation angle is also carried out with an accuracy value of 97.1% and an error value of 2.9%.
automation; drip irrigation; servo motor; soil moisture
Effectiveness of Water Use on The Growth of Grand Rapid Lettuce Plants (Lactuca Sativa L.) in an Artificial Light Vertical Hydroponic System
Artificial light vertical hydroponics is the cultivation of plants without soil with artificial lighting. This system is suitable for limited land, such as urban environments. The effectiveness of water use in vertical hydroponics depends on the regulation of environmental factors such as lighting. This research aims to determine the most productive water supply in the growth of grand rapid lettuce plants using a vertical artificial light hydroponic system, observe and evaluate optimal growth of grand rapid lettuce plants, and analyze the value of water requirements for grand rapid lettuce plants. Research using experimental methods with several treatments, namely H0: Greenhouse hydroponics, H1: Hydroponics with intermittent pumps, and H2: Hydroponics with full water pumps. The parameters observed include temperature, humidity, nutrient solution, plant growth, evapotranspiration, flow rate, electrical energy consumption and water productivity. Research results: Temperature and humidity in greenhouses are higher than indoor verticals. The pH, TDS and EC of the three treatments H0, H1 and H2 did not differ much. The average flow rate for H1 treatment was 44.667 ml/second, H2 was 44.667 ml/second and H0 was 237.333 ml/second. The water requirement in treatment H1 is 11.64 liters, H2 is 19.15 liters while H0 is 26.18 liters. Electrical energy consumption in the greenhouse is 20.97 kWh, full indoor vertical (H2) is 16.17 kWh while intermittent indoor vertical (H1) is 8.08 kWh. Water productivity in treatment H1 was 20.44 kg/m3, H2 was 11.40 kg/m3, and in H0 was 0.25 kg/m3. Each treatment showed a significant effect on the number of leaves, root length, canopy area and total plant fresh weight.
grand rapid lettuce; indoor vertical; water use
Plant factory Design For Red Spinach (Amaranthus Tricolor L.) Plant Growth Using Artificial Light
This study aims to test the structural and functional design of the plant factory and to determine the growth of red spinach (Amaranthus Tricolor L.). This study used an experimental method with the treatment of lamp height distance L1 (20 cm), L2 (40 cm), and L3 (60 cm) on plant response with a sample size of 4 in each treatment every day for 30 days. The parameters observed included uniformity of drops (EU), flow rate, plant height, number of leaves, leaf width, microclimate and soil moisture. In addition, observations of plant responses and microclimate were also carried out in the greenhouse planting room. The results of the (EU) values obtained were very good based on ASAE information, the flow rate values obtained were different, this was caused by the distance of the water source to the irrigation channel being different and causing the flow rate in the 1st row irrigation channel to be slightly slower compared to the 2nd and 3rd row irrigation channels. The response of red spinach plants in the plant factory planting room was superior to the L1 treatment, but the response of plants in the greenhouse was higher. The average temperature per day in the plant factory ranged from 28.57 ° C - 30.97 ° C, the average temperature per day in the greenhouse planting room ranged from 27.07 ℃, the average humidity per day in the plant factory planting room ranged from 78% - 91%, the average humidity per day in the greenhouse planting room ranged from 69% - 91%. The light intensity in the plant factory ranged from 1616.16 lx - 2626.56 lx, the soil moisture value obtained ranged from 44% - 86%. Based on the results of the study, the L1 treatment produced the most optimal growth response of red spinach plants in the plant factory.
Growth Analysis of Bok Choy (Brassica rapa L.) Plant on Urea Fertilizer Application Using Sprinkler Irrigation System
Sprinkler irrigation is one of the methods where water is applied by spraying water into the air and falling like rainwater, allowing it to avoid surface flow. This study aims to analyze the growth response of bok choy (Brassica rapa L.) plants to the dosing of urea fertilizer and determine how the effect of water application through the sprinkler irrigation system on the growth of bok choy (Brassica rapa L.) plants. The method used is an experimental method using a group randomized design (RAK) and analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and an experiment to calculate the uniformity of sprinkler irrigation water distribution. The parameters observed in this study were water discharge, water uniformity (CU), plant growth, and soil physical properties. The results showed that the average value of water discharge was 3.27 l/s, the average value of water distribution water uniformity was 88,02%, and the value of the beam distance was 2.47 m. The growth of bok choy plants responded quite well on the 30th day by giving 1 gram of urea + 200 ml of water to sprinkler irrigation systems.
bok choy plant; sprinkler irrigation; water distribution
Design and Construction of A Non-Thermal System Based on High Pulsed Electric Fields Using Flyback TV
Food safety is a critical issue that requires innovative technology to reduce pathogenic microorganisms without compromising nutritional quality. Therefore, this study aims to design and test a High Pulsed Electric Field (HPEF) system using a TV flyback transformer as a high-voltage source. The study also aims to determine the output voltage and the effectiveness of the device in generating an electric field for non-thermal processes. The HPEF device was designed using key components such as a TV flyback transformer, transistor, relay, capacitor, and a 12V adapter. The observed parameters included structural and functional analysis of the device, covering dimensions, input power, working processes, and output voltage. Output voltage measurements were conducted using a digital multimeter and a voltage divider resistor to ensure safe and accurate readings. The results showed that the designed device was capable of generating an average output voltage of 3,133.64 VDC. The device dimensions were 30 cm in length, 20 cm in width, and 10 cm in height, with optimal performance achieved based on the configured circuit design. The high voltage generated was stable and sufficient to create the electric field needed for non-thermal processes. In conclusion, the HPEF device designed using a TV flyback transformer successfully generated stable high voltage at an economical cost. This technology provides an effective alternative solution for non-thermal pasteurization, preserving nutritional quality while enhancing food safety.
high voltage; HPEF; non-thermal; system design
The Influence of Nutrition on The Growth of Red Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Olga Red) Using The Tower Technique Aeroponic System Application
The conversion of agricultural land into settlements, industrial factories, and public facilities is a phenomenon that occurs yearly. For narrow yards, it is recommended to use a verticulture system by developing an agricultural system from conventional habits to a hydroponic planting system that can be applied vertically. This study aimed to determine the effect of various nutrients on the growth of red lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L. var. Olga Red). The research method used in this research is an experimental method with three aeroponic installations and three different types of nutrients (ordinary water, rice washing water, and AB Mix) by conducting direct analysis in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Food Technology and Agroindustry, University of Mataram. The parameters observed were plant water requirements, nutrients (temperature, pH and concentration), and plant response (number of leaves, root length, plant height, and wet weight of plants). The results of observations are analyzed statistically using Microsoft Excel, and displayed in tables and graphs. The results showed that the value of the water needs of the middle period plants was 26,116 liters/day, and the final period was 48,36 liters/day.The measurement result of acidity (pH) is 6,68 - 9,18. The temperature on the installation is 26°C - 34°C while the temperature outside the installation reaches 26°C-38°C. The highest light intensity occurs in the placement of the thermometer at the top of the installation. It was concluded that adequate nutrition, temperature and shade would affect the red lettuce plant’s productivity quite well, with repeated nutrition twice in ten days.
nutrients; red lettuce; temperature; tower technique
Utilization of Kitchen Waste as Liquid Organic Fertilizer (POC) in Floating Hydroponic Systems in Anizel Crusaster (Lactuca sativa L Batvia Lettuce)
Organic waste from households can have added value if it is used as solid and liquid organic fertilizer for plant nutrition in hydroponic systems. The high price of AB Mix fertilizer increases production costs, so innovation is needed as an alternative to nutrients for hydroponic plants. Liquid Organic Fertilizer (POC) is one of the alternatives offered to solve this problem. This study aims to determine the content contained in POC kitchen waste and determine the growth of lettuce plants on hydroponic floating rafts with the application of kitchen waste as POC. This research method uses experimental methods. With nutrient parameters NPK, BOD, COD, pH, temperature, concentration of solution and plant response. The results showed that the NPK content of solid kitchen waste was 0.02% N content, 0.06% P content, 0.07% K content, while the BOD content was 1,476.00 mg/L, and 4,800.00 mg/L COD. After being given liquid organic fertilizer with several concentrations of 50%, 60%, 70%, the 50% concentration treatment gave the best effect on the parameters of plant height, number of leaves, leaf width, and wet weight on lettuce plants with a height of 8.2 cm, width 4.5 cm, 8 leaves and a wet weight of up to 13.79 g.
fermentation; floating raft; kitchen waste; lettuce
Analysis of Liquid Smoke Production From Corn Stem Agricultural Waste Using Pyrolyzer
The pyrolysis process can convert agricultural waste into materials that have a selling value with better conversion. One of the results of this pyrolysis process is liquid smoke, which is the result of condensation of combustion vapor. Liquid smoke from corn stalks contains organic compounds that can inhibit the growth of Colletorichum sp fungi which can cause anthracnose disease if grown on red chili plants. The purpose of this study was to analyze the production of liquid smoke and determine the performance of the liquid smoke pyrolyzer and the yield of liquid smoke production produced from corn stalk waste. The research method used is the experimental method. In this study, the pyrolysis process was carried out for 6 hours using a fire furnace and the weight of corn stalk waste raw material was 15 kg. The volume of liquid smoke produced was 0.4 L with the highest temperature obtained at 370˚C. The performance of the corn stalk waste-based liquid smoke production tool obtained through calculations was 0.056 kg / hour. The yield of liquid smoke production produced was 2.44%.
Design and Construction of Micro Hydro Power Plant (PLTMH) Floating System
Energy is a resource that can be used to carry out various activity processes, including fuel, electricity, mechanical energy and heat. This research aims to design and build a floating system Micro Hydro Power Plant (PLTMH) and determine the specifications of the components used in a floating system Micro Hydro Power Plant (PLTMH). The research method used to test this problem is an experimental method by designing a floating system Micro Hydro Power Plant (PLTMH) and testing the results of the power plant design. The initial design carried out is designing the tool, determining the size of each part of the tool and determining the components that will be used in the design of the floating system Micro Hydro Power Plant (PLTMH). The parameters used include turbine planning, pulley and belt transmission, generator, shaft, bearings and floats. The floating system Micro Hydro Power Plant (PLTMH) was successfully designed with the maximum power produced when the turbine uses curved blades of 8.13 mW with an actual average turbine rotation speed of 81.2 rpm and dimensions of 140 cm long, 60 cm wide and height 60 cm. The generator installed on this tool, type SF46B-5, can produce 5 – 20 watts of power with a rotation speed of 100 – 2000 rpm. The type of belt used is the belt attached to the sewing machine. The slip test on this tool shows that the slip value when using a flat blade is 22%. When using a curved blade it is, 18.21%. When using a bowl blade, it is 23.69%.
design; energy; irrigation channels; tools; water
Analysis of Smoke Cleanliness in Waste Incinerator Chimneys For Environmental at The Faculty of Food Technology and Agroindustry Universitas of Mataram
Waste is the remainder of daily human activities from natural processes in solid form. Burning waste is an alternative step in waste management, in large quantities and in a relatively short time. This research aims to determine the quality of smoke from burning waste in the environment using a waste incinerator machine. The method is carried out by burning organic with nozzle opening in each 1 nozzle 10 minutes 1, 2 nozzle 10 minutes 2 and 3 nozzle 10 minutes 3 waste to analyze air and smoke quality. The analysis was carried out directly at the Faculty of Food Technology and Agroindustry, University of Mataram, supported by tools such as thermocouples, air quality monitoring tools, CO2 sensors, stopwatches, and scales. The research parameters used are air quality, environmental pollution, smoke cleanliness and smoke content. The results of the analysis of 1 nozzle, 2 nozzle, and 3 nozzle are depicted in each percentage graph. The air quality average value 165 mg/m3. Air pollution average value is 577 ppm. The average smoke cleanliness level is 994 ppm. TVOC smoke content 200 mg/m3. It can be concluded that in each test, various factors influence the results. The factors that influence air quality do not have a big influence, because the more nozzle used, the better the air will be produced.
Performance Analysis of The HW60AN Type Grains Milling Machine in Sukadamai Village, East Lombok Regency
Rice is a strategic commodity that directly affects the livelihood of most Indonesians. This research aims to determine the machine's performance capacity, engine rotation speed, and fuel consumption using an experimental method. The observed parameters were machine performance capacity, engine rotation speed, and fuel consumption. The results showed that the average machine performance capacity was 90 kg/hour at low speed, 103 kg/hour at medium speed, and 165 kg/hour at high speed. For fuel consumption, the average values were 0.278 ml/second at low speed, 0.417 ml/second at medium speed, and 1 ml/second at high speed. The average engine rotation speed was 909 rpm at low speed, 2144 rpm at medium speed, and 3138 rpm at high speed. High speed yields the highest productivity but consumes the most fuel. Economically, low speed is more profitable per milling unit with a net profit of Rp 1,066/kg, while high speed is optimal for large-scale production. The output of 5 kilograms of paddy produces 3.15 kilograms of clean rice, with 5 grams of broken rice and 3 grams of small broken rice obtained.
capacity; engine; fuel; performance; speed
Microclimate Analysis Using Automated Drip Irrigation on Celery (Apium Graveolens L.) in The Precision Farming Area of BRIDA NTB
Precision agriculture is a modern approach that utilizes sensor-based technology and the Internet of Things (IoT). Celery (Apium graveolens L.) is a high-value horticultural crop that is sensitive to changes in microclimatic conditions. This study aims to analyze microclimate parameters using an automated drip irrigation system and evaluate its effects on celery growth in the precision farming area of BRIDA NTB. The study employed an IoT-based monitoring system utilizing several sensors, including DS18b20, SHT31, GY-49, SEN0308, and a 3-cup anemometer. Data were automatically collected at 10-minute intervals throughout the growing period, while plant growth data were manually measured every three days. The observed parameters included soil temperature, air temperature, soil moisture, air humidity, light intensity, and wind speed. The results showed that soil temperature under straw mulch treatment was stable and close to the optimal value of 24°C. Soil moisture in the plastic mulch treatment reached 33.69%, approaching the optimal value of 80% AWC (33.87%). The average air temperature was 29°C with a maximum of 39°C, exceeding the optimal range for celery (15–24°C). Air humidity averaged 79%, considered optimal. Light intensity was very low (0,6–3234,8 lux) compared to the plant’s needs (32,000 lux), and wind speed (4.0–5.8 km/h) exceeded the optimal limit. The automated drip irrigation system helped maintain stable soil moisture and temperature, supporting plant growth, and reducing water stress. The application of this technology is recommended as a precision agriculture strategy in tropical entisol soils.
automated drip irrigation; celery; microclimate; precision agriculture
Application of Internet of Things (IoT) technology on a Solar Dryer Dome to enhance the monitoring effectiveness of the coffee bean drying process
This study utilises Internet of Things (IoT) technology to enhance the monitoring effectiveness of coffee bean drying in a solar dryer dome in Karang Sidemen Village, Central Lombok Regency. The objectives of this study are to control the IoT-based solar dryer dome device, analyse the performance of the implemented system, and improve the effectiveness of the monitoring tool during the drying process of coffee beans. The system was designed using an ESP32 microcontroller, a LoRa RA-02 SX1278 communication module, and several sensors, including an SHT31 (for temperature and humidity), a GY-302 BH1750 (for light intensity), and a DS18b20 (for material temperature). Sensor data is transmitted from the LoRa Sender to the LoRa Receiver, stored on an SD card, and sent to the ThingSpeak platform for remote real-time monitoring. The test results indicate that the system can read, transmit, and display data with high accuracy, exhibiting minimal discrepancies between the Sender and Receiver data. During the drying process, the temperature remained between 36°C and 39°C with humidity levels of 48–54% RH, supporting the optimal reduction of coffee bean moisture content. The application of IoT in the solar dryer dome proved effective in facilitating monitoring, reducing manual intervention, and improving the consistency and quality of the drying results.
coffee drying; ESP32; Internet of Things; LoRa; Solar Dryer Dome
Design of an Arduino Uno Based Control System For Ants Sugar Drying Device
Palm sugar is a derivative of palm sugar products in the form of granules or crystals whose raw materials can come from palm sap. Drying is one of the important stages in the process of making palm sugar which aims to reduce the water content of palm sugar. In order for the drying process in the machine to take place optimally, an automatic control system based on the Arduino Uno microcontroller is needed which aims to control the temperature and humidity in the drying room located at UMKM Sugaren Lombok, Kekait Village, Gunungsari District, West Lombok Regency. The results of the temperature study throughout the drying process showed that the temperature distribution in the drying room was relatively stable and even between racks, with an average of 50–55 °C, and relative humidity (RH) between 20–35%, which are ideal conditions for drying palm sugar without causing changes in color, aroma, and taste. The application of an Arduino Uno-based control system to this palm sugar dryer has proven to be optimal in increasing energy efficiency, temperature stability, and the quality of the drying results of palm sugar which has a water content of ≤ 3% according to SNI 3743-2021 and is able to reduce energy waste by normalizing the thermal conditions of the drying room in real-time, so that fuel consumption is more efficient.
Feasibility Analysis of Plant factory Development For The Cultivation Business of Pagoda Mustard (Brassica Narinosa L.)
Pagoda Mustard (Brassica narinosa L.) is a vegetable that holds significant economic importance and is packed with health-enhancing nutrients. Nevertheless, its cultivation in Indonesia lacks optimization due to reliance on traditional farming techniques. A potential solution lies in adopting a plant factory system, which allows for meticulous management of growth conditions, thus possibly enhancing both the yield and quality of the crops. The goal of this research is to assess the viability of establishing a plant factory for growing pagoda mustard by taking into account factors such as, environmental technical practices, and financial viability. The analysis utilized indicators like Cost of Production (COP), Break Even Point (BEP), Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Benefit-Cost Ratio (B/C), and Net B/C Ratio. The research method involved conducting a direct experiment at the Agricultural Environmental Conservation Engineering Laboratory at the University of Mataram. The parameters measured included the number of leaves, plant height, root length, fresh weight, canopy area, temperature, humidity, and light intensity.The findings from this research demonstrate that establishing a plant factory is viable from various angles, including technical, environmental, and financial aspects, with an and a COP of IDR. 47.036/kg, a BEP of 198.032 kg/thn, NPV of IDR. 924.36, an IRR of 56,8%, and Gross of B/C ratio 1.17, and Net of B/C ratio 2.7. Consequently, the plant factory emerges as a valuable sustainable option for modern agricultural enterprises.
feasibility analisis; financial aspects; hydroponics; plant factory; pagoda mustard
Production Of Activated Charcoal From Organic Waste Degradation Using High Temperature
Organic waste is the type of waste most commonly produced by the community. Until now, waste management in various regions has not been optimal. According to data from the National Waste Management Information System (SIPSN) of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK) in 2022, input from 202 regencies/cities across Indonesia reported that the total national waste accumulation reached 21.1 million tons. Of the total national waste production, 65.71% (13.9 million tons) can be managed properly, while the remaining 34.29% (7.2 million tons) have not been managed effectively. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of activated charcoal made from organic wood materials and to evaluate its adsorption capacity in water. This research used an experimental method. The research parameters included water content, ash content, iodine adsorption, volatile matter content, fixed carbon content, and water clarification. The results showed that the water content was 5.80%, ash content 13.48%, iodine adsorption 26,395.20 mg/g, volatile matter 13.60%, fixed carbon 72.97%, and water clarity 24.13 NTU. The conclusion of this study is that the characteristics of the activated charcoal generally meet the standards, except for the ash content.
activated charcoal; adsorption; characteristics; high-temperature degradation
Implementation of Smart Label with Color Indicators to Identify the Ripeness Level of Ambon Banana (Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum)
This research aimed to implement a smart label with color indicators to identify the ripeness of Ambon banana (Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum). The study used synthetic indicators, Bromophenol Blue (BB) and Methyl Red (MR), applied to Whatman paper no. 01 and 41. The indicators respond to pH changes during banana ripening, allowing clear visual observation of ripeness stages. The results showed that Whatman paper no. 41 produced more stable and intense colors compared to Whatman no. 01. The label color changes correlated with physical and chemical parameters, including weight loss, texture, °Brix, and pH of the fruit. The implementation of smart labels can provide accurate, practical, and low-cost methods for monitoring banana ripeness during storage and distribution.
ambon banana; color indicator; packaging; ripeness; smart label